{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T22:51:33Z","timestamp":1778453493709,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Brieflands","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763164800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["brieflands.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Iran J Pharm Res"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, with aggressive subtypes frequently demonstrating resistance to conventional therapies. Bavachinin, a natural flavonoid derived from Psoralea corylifolia, has exhibited anti-cancer activity in various tumor models; however, its effects on thyroid cancer remain largely undefined. Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-cancer activity of bavachinin in the papillary thyroid carcinoma TPC-1 cell line and elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: TPC-1 cells were treated with bavachinin (5 - 20 \u03bcM) for 24 - 72 hours. Cell viability was assessed using the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT assay); morphological changes were visualized by confocal microscopy. Migration and invasion were analyzed by wound-healing and Transwell assays, respectively. Cytokine secretion was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Gene and protein expression levels of protein kinase B (AKT), mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1\/2 (ERK1\/2), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting. Apoptosis was confirmed by assessing the B-cell lymphoma-2-associated X protein (BAX)\/B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) ratio and cleaved caspase-3 activity. All experiments were performed in triplicate, and data are presented as mean \u00b1 standard deviation (SD). Statistical significance was determined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey\u2019s post-hoc test (P &lt; 0.05). Results: Bavachinin significantly reduced cell viability, migration, and invasion in a dose-dependent manner (20 \u03bcM reduced viability by approximately 50% at 72 hours, P &lt; 0.01). It suppressed the phosphorylation of AKT and ERK1\/2, downregulated mTOR expression, and decreased secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1\u03b2). Apoptosis was confirmed by an increased BAX\/BCL-2 ratio and elevated cleaved caspase-3 levels. Conclusions: Bavachinin exerts multi-targeted anti-cancer effects in thyroid carcinoma cells through dual inhibition of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)\/AKT\/mTOR and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)\/ERK pathways, along with suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, culminating in apoptosis and impaired invasiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5812\/ijpr-166894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T11:10:16Z","timestamp":1765278616000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/crossmark_update_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["In vitro Multi-targeted Anti-cancer Effects of Bavachinin in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Cell Line: Dual Pathway Inhibition and Cytokine Downregulation"],"prefix":"10.5812","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Gang","family":"Duan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Zahid 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