{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T12:02:32Z","timestamp":1790078552003,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Brieflands","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["brieflands.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Iran J Pharm Res"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Osteoporosis (OP) is a metabolic bone disorder that predominantly affects postmenopausal women. Solanum xanthocarpum (SX), a wild herb in the Solanaceae family, has traditionally been used to manage postmenopausal symptoms and articular cartilage injury. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the anti-osteoporotic activity of Solanum xanthocarpum leaf extract (SXLE) in a rat model of retinoic acid (RA)-induced osteoporosis. Methods: Female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned to six experimental groups (n = 6 per group): group I, control; group II, RA alone (75 mg\/kg body weight\/day); group III, RA + alendronate (5 mg\/kg body weight); group IV, RA + SXLE (25 mg\/kg body weight); group V, RA + SXLE (50 mg\/kg body weight); and group VI, RA + SXLE (100 mg\/kg body weight). Bone mineral density (BMD), bone length, bone mineral content, serum estradiol levels, osteocalcin (OCN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity were measured. The mRNA expression levels of TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, TP53 (tumor protein p53), NOX1 (NADPH oxidase 1), NOX2 (NADPH oxidase 2), SOD1 (superoxide dismutase 1), and SOD2 (superoxide dismutase 2) were evaluated by RT-qPCR. Results: SXLE treatment significantly increased body weight, bone mineral content, bone length, relative bone density, serum estradiol, osteocalcin, and BMD in a dose-dependent manner. Conversely, SXLE dose-dependently reduced ALP and TRAP activities and decreased the mRNA expression of TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, and TP53. SXLE improved tibial and femoral coefficients and lengths, increased trabecular relative bone density, and enhanced the cortical bone area ratio. The therapeutic effects of SXLE at 100 mg\/kg body weight were comparable to those of alendronate (5 mg\/kg body weight). Furthermore, SXLE downregulated the expression of NOX1 and NOX2 while upregulating the expression of SOD1 and SOD2. Conclusions: SXLE enhances osteoblastic\/osteogenic activity while suppressing osteoclastic activity, indicating significant anti-osteoporotic potential in rats with RA-induced osteoporosis. This is the first report to link SXLE to modulation of the NOX1\/NOX2-SOD1\/SOD2 oxidative stress pathway in bone, providing a potential molecular mechanism for its bone-protective effects. In addition, SXLE at 100 mg\/kg demonstrated therapeutic efficacy comparable to that of alendronate, supporting its potential as a plant-based alternative to bisphosphonates for osteoporosis management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5812\/ijpr-169247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T11:11:29Z","timestamp":1790075489000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/crossmark_update_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anti-osteoporotic Effect of &lt;i&gt;Solanum xanthocarpum&lt;\/i&gt; Leaf Extract on Retinoic Acid-induced Osteoporosis in Rats via Alleviating Osteoclastic Activity"],"prefix":"10.5812","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Shuaishuai","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Minimally Invasive Spinal Surgery, Public Health Clinical Center Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 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