{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T09:07:02Z","timestamp":1784020022893,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Brieflands","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778284800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["brieflands.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Iran J Pharm Res"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Alpinia purpurata has shown promising effects in alleviating inflammatory conditions; however, its underlying mechanisms require further investigation. Objectives: This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory activity of A. purpurata rhizome extract (EEAP) and its active metabolites through the TLR4\/MyD88 pathway. Methods: The EEAP was analyzed for proximate composition, vitamin C content, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total monomeric anthocyanin content (TMAC), and metabolite profile, followed by a network pharmacology analysis. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in HEK-293 cells. An in vivo study of carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats was conducted to validate the findings. Results: EEAP contained 42.12% ash, 34.66% moisture, 6.03% protein, 16.60% fat, and 0.59% carbohydrate. The vitamin C content was 941.55 mg\/100 g extract, the TPC was 452.9 mg GAE\/100 g extract, the TFC was 416.1 mg QUE\/100 g extract, and the TMAC was 2770 mg\/100 g extract. Functional enrichment analysis identified the TLR4\/MyD88 signaling pathway as contributing to IL-23 production. Eight metabolites with anti-inflammatory properties were verified based on their Pa values: glycidyl oleate, 1-stearoylglycerol, alpha-linolenic acid, methyl palmitate, shogaol, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde, ginkgoneolic acid, and curcumene. EEAP was not toxic to HEK-293 cells (IC50= 741.1 \u03bcg\/mL) compared with quercetin (IC50= 96.73 \u03bcg\/mL) and cisplatin (IC50= 7.44 \u03bcg\/mL). EEAP reduced edema volume but did not alter TLR4 or MyD88 expression under the present experimental conditions. Conclusions: EEAP is not toxic to normal cells and exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by reducing edema volume in carrageenan-induced rats; however, it does not alter the TLR4\/MyD88 pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5812\/ijpr-169725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T08:31:34Z","timestamp":1784017894000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/crossmark_update_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigating the Anti-inflammatory Mechanism of &lt;i&gt;Alpinia purpurata&lt;\/i&gt; (Vieill.) K. Schum. 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