{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T17:34:10Z","timestamp":1787592850574,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Mattioli1885","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction Parkinson disease (PD) is a multifaceted neurodegenerative disorder known for its hallmark motor symptoms. However, nonmotor manifestations, specifically dermatological changes, precede motor symptoms and may thus serve as vital early indicators of PD. Objectives This article explores the skin-related changes associated with PD, focusing on alterations in sebum composition, microbial dysbiosis, and the potential for leveraging dermatological assessments as early, noninvasive diagnostic markers for PD. Methods A comprehensive literature review was conducted to investigate dermatological manifestations of PD, focusing on sebum changes in affected individuals. Research explored the clinical relevance of altered lipid profiles, volatile organic compound (VOC) contributions, and microbiome dysbiosis in those with PD. Results Individuals with PD exhibit excess sebum production characterized by altered lipid profiles, including elevated short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and disruptions in sphingolipid metabolism. The lipid-rich environment also promotes overgrowth of Malessezia yeast, contributing to varied dermatological symptoms in those with PD. VOCs identified in sebum have been linked to unique odors and serve as biomarkers for diagnostic potential. These findings support the potential for early PD diagnosis through dermatologic assessment and sebum analysis. Conclusion Dermatological manifestations in PD offer promising noninvasive biomarkers for early diagnosis. Future research should aim to further elucidate the mechanisms underlying sebum dysregulation in PD and validate the clinical relevance of these biomarkers in larger populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T12:46:50Z","timestamp":1738154810000},"page":"4921","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Dermatological Manifestations and Sebum Composition in Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.5826","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Meshi","family":"Paz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7600-0152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Lio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Medical Dermatology Associates of Chicago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27750","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah P, Sagar PR, Alhumaidi N, Bollampally VC, Malik BH. Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Its Dermatological Associations: Is Your Skin Whispering You a Diagnosis? Cureus. 2020;12(8):e9933. DOI:10.7759\/cureus.9933","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.9933"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref2","unstructured":"DeMaagd G, Philip A. Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Its Management: Part 1: Disease Entity, Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnosis. P T Peer-Rev J Formul Manag. 2015;40(8):504-532."},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref3","unstructured":"Zafar S, Yaddanapudi SS. Parkinson Disease. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Accessed May 24, 2024. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK470193\/"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schapira AHV, Chaudhuri KR, Jenner P. Non-motor features of Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2017;18(7):435-450. DOI:10.1038\/nrn.2017.62","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.62"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skorvanek M, Bhatia KP. The Skin and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Review of Clinical, Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Issues. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2017;4(1):21-31. DOI:10.1002\/mdc3.12425","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12425"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niemann N, Billnitzer A, Jankovic J. Parkinson\u2019s disease and skin. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2021;82:61-76. DOI:10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.11.017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.11.017"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verma DK, Seo BA, Ghosh A, et al. Alpha-Synuclein Preformed Fibrils Induce Cellular Senescence in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Models. Cells. 2021;10(7):1694. DOI:10.3390\/cells10071694","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071694"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamel M, Aleya S, Alsubih M, Aleya L. Microbiome Dynamics: A Paradigm Shift in Combatting Infectious Diseases. J Pers Med. 2024;14(2):217. DOI:10.3390\/jpm14020217","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14020217"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trivedi DK, Sinclair E, Xu Y, et al. Discovery of Volatile Biomarkers of Parkinson\u2019s Disease from Sebum. ACS Cent Sci. 2019;5(4):599-606. DOI:10.1021\/acscentsci.8b00879","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.8b00879"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prakash KG, Bannur BM, Chavan MD, Saniya K, Sailesh KS, Rajagopalan A. Neuroanatomical changes in Parkinson\u2019s disease in relation to cognition: An update. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2016;7(4):123-126. DOI:10.4103\/2231-4040.191416","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-4040.191416"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref11","unstructured":"Kouli A, Torsney KM, Kuan WL. Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Etiology, Neuropathology, and Pathogenesis. In: Stoker TB, Greenland JC, eds. Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Aspects. Codon Publications; 2018. Accessed May 24, 2024. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK536722\/"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitton PS. Inflammation as a causative factor in the aetiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Br J Pharmacol. 2007;150(8):963-976. DOI:10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707167","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707167"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adam H, Gopinath SCB, Md Arshad MK, et al. An update on pathogenesis and clinical scenario for Parkinson\u2019s disease: diagnosis and treatment. 3 Biotech. 2023;13(5):142. DOI:10.1007\/s13205-023-03553-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-023-03553-8"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref14","unstructured":"Sonne J, Reddy V, Beato MR. Neuroanatomy, Substantia Nigra. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Accessed May 24, 2024. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK536995\/"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safai A, Prasad S, Chougule T, Saini J, Pal PK, Ingalhalikar M. Microstructural abnormalities of substantia nigra in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A neuromelanin sensitive MRI atlas based study. Hum Brain Mapp. 2019;41(5):1323-1333. DOI:10.1002\/hbm.24878","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24878"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Benito M, Granado N, Garc\u00eda-Sanz P, Michel A, Dumoulin M, Moratalla R. Modeling Parkinson\u2019s Disease With the Alpha-Synuclein Protein. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:356. DOI:10.3389\/fphar.2020.00356","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00356"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahid W, Satyjeet F, Kumari R, et al. Dermatological Manifestations of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Clues for Diagnosis. Cureus. 12(10):e10836. DOI:10.7759\/cureus.10836","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.10836"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uehara Y, Ueno SI, Amano-Takeshige H, et al. Non-invasive diagnostic tool for Parkinson\u2019s disease by sebum RNA profile with machine learning. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):18550. DOI:10.1038\/s41598-021-98423-9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98423-9"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dinesh D, Lee JS, Gao X, Palacios N. Skin conditions in early Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2021;84:40-46. DOI:10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.01.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.01.018"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinclair E, Trivedi DK, Sarkar D, et al. Metabolomics of sebum reveals lipid dysregulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):1592. DOI:10.1038\/s41467-021-21669-4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21669-4"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Picardo M, Ottaviani M, Camera E, Mastrofrancesco A. Sebaceous gland lipids. Dermatoendocrinol. 2009;1(2):68-71.","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.1.2.8472"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mastrolonardo M, Diaferio A, Logroscino G. Seborrheic dermatitis, increased sebum excretion, and Parkinson\u2019s disease: a survey of (im)possible links. Med Hypotheses. 2003;60(6):907-911. DOI:10.1016\/S0306-9877(03)00094-X","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-9877(03)00094-X"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langan EA, Hinde E, Paus R. Prolactin as a candidate sebotrop(h)ic hormone? Exp Dermatol. 2018;27(7):729-736. DOI:10.1111\/exd.13545","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13545"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han X, Bedarf J, Proske-Schmitz S, Schmitt I, W\u00fcllner U. Increased diversity of Malassezia species on the skin of Parkinson\u2019s disease patients. Front Aging Neurosci. 2023;15. DOI:10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1268751","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1268751"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dabby R, Djaldetti R, Shahmurov M, et al. Skin biopsy for assessment of autonomic denervation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neural Transm. 2006;113(9):1169-1176. DOI:10.1007\/s00702-005-0431-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-005-0431-0"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan J. Joy of super smeller: sebum clues for PD diagnostics. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15(2):138-139. DOI:10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00396-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00396-8"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00e9hin C, Tokarska J, Fowler SJ, Barran PE, Trivedi DK. No skin off your back: the sampling and extraction of sebum for metabolomics. Metabolomics. 2023;19(4):21. DOI:10.1007\/s11306-023-01982-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-023-01982-3"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Briganti S, Truglio M, Angiolillo A, et al. Application of Sebum Lipidomics to Biomarkers Discovery in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Metabolites. 2021;11(12):819. DOI:10.3390\/metabo11120819","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11120819"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lobasso S, Tanzarella P, Vergara D, Maffia M, Cocco T, Corcelli A. Lipid profiling of parkin-mutant human skin fibroblasts. J Cell Physiol. 2017;232(12):3540-3551. DOI:10.1002\/jcp.25815","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25815"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez M, Celis AM, Guevara-Suarez MI, Molina J, Carazzone C. Yeast Smell Like What They Eat: Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds of Malassezia furfur in Growth Media Supplemented with Different Lipids. Molecules. 2019;24(3):419. DOI:10.3390\/molecules24030419","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24030419"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu Y, Zhang J, Zhao X, et al. Olfactory dysfunction and its related molecular mechanisms in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neural Regen Res. 2023;19(3):583-590. DOI:10.4103\/1673-5374.380875","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.380875"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fullard ME, Morley JF, Duda JE. Olfactory Dysfunction as an Early Biomarker in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Neurosci Bull. 2017;33(5):515-525. DOI:10.1007\/s12264-017-0170-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-017-0170-x"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saunte DML, Gaitanis G, Hay RJ. Malassezia-Associated Skin Diseases, the Use of Diagnostics and Treatment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:112. DOI:10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00112","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00112"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tansey MG, Wallings RL, Houser MC, Herrick MK, Keating CE, Joers V. Inflammation and immune dysfunction in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2022;22(11):657-673. DOI:10.1038\/s41577-022-00684-6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00684-6"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laurence M, Benito-Le\u00f3n J, Calon F. Malassezia and Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Front Neurol. 2019;10:758. DOI:10.3389\/fneur.2019.00758","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00758"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arsic Arsenijevic VS, Milobratovic D, Barac AM, Vekic B, Marinkovic J, Kostic VS. A laboratory-based study on patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and seborrheic dermatitis: the presence and density of Malassezia yeasts, their different species and enzymes production. BMC Dermatol. 2014;14(1):5. DOI:10.1186\/1471-5945-14-5","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-5945-14-5"},{"key":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rios-Navarro A, Gonzalez M, Carazzone C, Celis Ram\u00edrez AM. Why Do These Yeasts Smell So Good? Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Produced by Malassezia Species in the Exponential and Stationary Growth Phases. Molecules. 2023;28(6):2620. DOI:10.3390\/molecules28062620","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28062620"}],"container-title":["Dermatology Practical &amp; Conceptual"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dpcj.org\/index.php\/dpc\/article\/download\/4921\/2979","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dpcj.org\/index.php\/dpc\/article\/download\/4921\/3472","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dpcj.org\/index.php\/dpc\/article\/download\/4921\/2979","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T10:23:55Z","timestamp":1762511035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dpcj.org\/index.php\/dpc\/article\/view\/4921"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921","relation":{"has-manifestation":[{"id-type":"other","id":"1-78-4921-g2979","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"other","id":"1-78-4921-g3472","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-part-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5826\/dpc.v15i1","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2160-9381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2160-9381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"article-number":"1"}}