{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T19:15:18Z","timestamp":1774552518551,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at Jouf\n                                University","award":["40\/194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["40\/194"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.kosfaj.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Sci Anim Resour"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"DOI":"10.5851\/kosfa.2021.e44","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T02:22:52Z","timestamp":1629685372000},"page":"883-893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5851\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Raw Animal Meats as Potential Sources of Clostridium\n                        difficile in Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5766-4495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed E.","family":"Taha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2018.03.009","article-title":"Presence of Clostridium difficile in poultry and\n                        poultry meat in Egypt","volume":"51","author":"Abdel-Glil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1179\/2046905514Y.0000000167","article-title":"Nosocomial Clostridium difficile-associated\n                        diarrhoea in Assiut University Children\u2019s Hospital,\n                        Egypt","volume":"36","author":"Abu Faddan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Paediatr Int Child Health"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.01.011","article-title":"Clostridioides (Clostridium)\n                            difficile-associated disease: Epidemiology among\n                        patients in a general hospital in Saudi Arabia","volume":"48","author":"Al-Tawfiq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2016.07.002","article-title":"Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in raw cow,\n                        sheep, and goat meat in Jazan, Saudi Arabia","volume":"25","author":"Bakri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.026","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of\n                            Clostridioides difficile detected in chicken, soil and\n                        human samples from Zimbabwe","volume":"96","author":"Berger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1604.091138","article-title":"Clostridium difficile in ground meat,\n                        France","volume":"16","author":"Bouttier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2019.08.006","article-title":"Update on treatment of Clostridioides difficile\n                        infection","volume":"95","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B8","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute\n                        [CLSI]","year":"2019","edition":"29th ed"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.06.005","article-title":"Clostridium difficile: A continually evolving\n                        and problematic pathogen","volume":"9","author":"Dawson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.11.007","article-title":"Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in retailed\n                        meat in The Netherlands","volume":"144","author":"de Boer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12418","article-title":"European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious\n                        Diseases: Update of the treatment guidance document for Clostridium\n                            difficile infection","volume":"20","author":"Debast","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.056358-0","article-title":"Contamination of ready-to-eat raw vegetables with\n                            Clostridium difficile in France","volume":"62","author":"Eckert","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B13","first-page":"759","article-title":"Prevalence of Clostridium difficile isolated\n                        from beef and chicken meat products in Turkey","volume":"38","author":"Ers\u00f6z","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.16771","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of Clostridium\n                            difficile in beef and mutton meats of Isfahan region,\n                        Iran","volume":"7","author":"Esfandiari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jundishapur J Microbiol"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2014.1910","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Clostridium\n                            difficile in farm animals from slaughterhouse to retail stage\n                        in Isfahan, Iran","volume":"12","author":"Esfandiari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-014-0283-6","article-title":"Occurrence of Clostridium difficile in seasoned\n                        hamburgers and seven processing plants in Iran","volume":"14","author":"Esfandiari","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B17","volume-title":"Laboratory procedures for diagnosis and typing of human\n                            Clostridium difficile infection","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control\n                        [ECDC]","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B18","author":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing\n                            [EUCAST]","year":"2019","journal-title":"Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version\n                        9.0"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3266","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2013.3266","article-title":"Scientific opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by\n                        inspection of meat (bovine animals)","volume":"11","author":"European Food Safety Authority [EFSA]","year":"2013","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.09.017","article-title":"Pan-European longitudinal surveillance of antibiotic resistance\n                        among prevalent Clostridium difficile\n                        ribotypes","volume":"21","author":"Freeman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2016.10.006","article-title":"Knowledge of the physiology of spore-forming bacteria can explain\n                        the origin of spores in the food environment","volume":"168","author":"Gauvry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res Microbiol"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2018.01.020","article-title":"The prevalence of Clostridium difficile in\n                        cattle and sheep carcasses and the antibiotic susceptibility of\n                        isolates","volume":"139","author":"Hampikyan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Meat Sci"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2015.10.009","article-title":"Virulence factors of Clostridium difficile and\n                        their role during infection","volume":"37","author":"Janoir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.12.022","article-title":"Clostridium difficile in raw products of animal\n                        origin","volume":"138","author":"J\u00f6bstl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.03.020","article-title":"Clostridium\n                        difficile infection in humans and animals, differences and\n                        similarities","volume":"153","author":"Keessen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.012","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium\n                            difficile in cooked beef sold in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire\n                        and their antimicrobial susceptibility","volume":"28","author":"Kouassi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.2.4.16109","article-title":"Both, toxin A and toxin B, are important in Clostridium\n                            difficile infection","volume":"2","author":"Kuehne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2016.06.008","article-title":"Reclassification of Clostridium difficile as\n                            Clostridioides difficile (Hall and O\u2019Toole 1935)\n                        Pr\u00e9vot 1938","volume":"40","author":"Lawson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2012.08.005","article-title":"Development of a consensus method for culture of\n                            Clostridium difficile from meat and its use in a survey\n                        of U.S. retail meats","volume":"32","author":"Limbago","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Microbiol"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2014.1842","article-title":"A possible route for foodborne transmission of\n                            Clostridium difficile?","volume":"12","author":"Lund","year":"2015","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8050153","article-title":"The regulatory networks that control Clostridium\n                            difficile toxin synthesis","volume":"8","author":"Martin-Verstraete","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.10.002","article-title":"Characterization of a multidrug resistant C.\n                            difficile meat isolate","volume":"192","author":"Mooyottu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.6585","article-title":"Prevalence of Clostridium difficile toxinotypes\n                        in infected patients at a tertiary care center in Lebanon","volume":"9","author":"Moukhaiber","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B34","first-page":"229","volume-title":"Clostridium difficile: Its role in intestinal\n                        disease","author":"Mulligan","year":"2008"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.5851\/kosfa.2020.e34","article-title":"Detection, characterization and antibiotic susceptibility of\n                            Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile in meat\n                        products","volume":"40","author":"Muratoglu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci Anim Resour"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.07.013","article-title":"Clostridioides\n                        difficile infections in Saudi Arabia: Where are we\n                        standing?","volume":"28","author":"Obaid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi Pharma J"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02250-16","article-title":"Update on antimicrobial resistance in Clostridium\n                            difficile: Resistance mechanisms and antimicrobial\n                        susceptibility testing","volume":"55","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2018.07.007","article-title":"Clostridium difficile contamination in retail\n                        meat products in Brazil","volume":"22","author":"Pires","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-12-169","article-title":"Isolation of a toxigenic and clinical genotype of\n                            Clostridium difficile in retail meats in Costa\n                        Rica","volume":"76","author":"Quesada-G\u00f3mez","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.07.017","article-title":"Presence of Clostridium difficile in pigs and\n                        cattle intestinal contents and carcass contamination at the slaughterhouse\n                        in Belgium","volume":"166","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2014.03.021","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing analysis and antibiotic resistance of\n                            Clostridium difficile strains isolated from retail meat\n                        and humans in Belgium","volume":"42","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Microbiol"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2016_27","article-title":"Clostridium difficile in food and animals: A\n                        comprehensive review","volume":"932","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2018.08.006","article-title":"Clostridioides difficile in the environment,\n                        food, animals and humans in southern Italy: Occurrence and genetic\n                        relatedness","volume":"59","author":"Romano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-4526(10)60003-4","article-title":"Clostridium difficile: Its potential as a source\n                        of foodborne disease","volume":"60","author":"Rupnik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv Food Nutr Res"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2164","article-title":"Clostridium\n                        difficile infection: New developments in epidemiology and\n                        pathogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Rupnik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B46","first-page":"5","article-title":"Clostridium difficile: Infection, diagnosis and\n                        treatment with antimicrobial drugs: A review article","author":"Shehabi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Arab J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16020","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.20","article-title":"Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"2","author":"Smits","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1505.081071","article-title":"Clostridium difficile in retail meat products,\n                        USA, 2007","volume":"15","author":"Songer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.13624","article-title":"Retail chicken meats as potential sources of\n                            Clostridioides\n                        difficile in Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia","volume":"15","author":"Taha Attia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.30739","article-title":"Clostridium difficile infection risk with\n                        important antibiotic classes: An analysis of the FDA adverse event reporting\n                        system","volume":"16","author":"Teng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.05.002","article-title":"Toxigenic Clostridium difficile PCR ribotypes in\n                        edible marine bivalve molluscs in Italy","volume":"208","author":"Troiano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2019.102132","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of Clostridioides\n                            difficile isolates from retail food products (vegetables and\n                        meats) in Japan","volume":"61","author":"Usui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2014.1790","article-title":"Characterization of Clostridium difficile\n                        isolates from human fecal samples and retail meat from\n                        Pennsylvania","volume":"11","author":"Varshney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.2.247-263.2005","article-title":"Clostridium difficile toxins: Mechanism of\n                        action and role in disease","volume":"18","author":"Voth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B55","first-page":"5","article-title":"Prevalence of Clostridium difficile infections\n                        among hospitalized patients in Amman, Jordan: A multi-center\n                        study","author":"Wadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Arab J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5009","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00480-09","article-title":"Detection and enumeration of Clostridium\n                            difficile spores in retail beef and pork","volume":"75","author":"Weese","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2010.02802.x","article-title":"Detection and characterization of Clostridium\n                            difficile in retail chicken","volume":"50","author":"Weese","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.11.010","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular characterization of Clostridium\n                            difficile isolates from a pig slaughterhouse, pork, and humans\n                        in Taiwan","volume":"242","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B59","article-title":"The first isolation of Clostridium difficile\n                        RT078\/ST11 from pigs in China","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"key2.0210923104112e+13_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1406.071447","article-title":"Increase in adult Clostridium\n                        difficile\u2013related hospitalizations and case-fatality rate,\n                        United States, 2000\u20132005","volume":"14","author":"Zilberberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Food Science of Animal Resources"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.kosfaj.org\/download\/download_pdf?doi=10.5851\/kosfa.2021.e44","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.kosfaj.org\/download\/download_pdf?doi=10.5851\/kosfa.2021.e44","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T12:56:52Z","timestamp":1764593812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.kosfaj.org\/archive\/view_article?doi=10.5851\/kosfa.2021.e44"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.5851\/kosfa.2021.e44"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5851\/kosfa.2021.e44","relation":{},"ISSN":["2636-0772","2636-0780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2636-0772","type":"print"},{"value":"2636-0780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-05-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-10","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}