{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T16:29:54Z","timestamp":1789921794679,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Korean Stroke Society","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717027200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS125232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS125232"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS110387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS110387"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL118084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL118084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012443","name":"Maryland Stem Cell Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024-MSCRFD-6401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-MSCRFD-6401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012443","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["j-stroke.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Stroke"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>With the implementation of improved bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques and public-access defibrillation, survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has increased significantly over the years. Nevertheless, OHCA survivors have residual anoxia\/reperfusion brain damage and associated neurological impairment resulting in poor quality of life. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or targeted temperature management has proven effective in improving post-cardiac arrest (CA) neurological outcomes, yet considering the substantial healthcare costs and resources involved, there is an urgent need for alternative treatment strategies that are crucial to alleviate brain injury and promote recovery of neurological function after CA. In this review, we searched PubMed for the latest preclinical or clinical studies (2016\u20132023) utilizing gas-mediated, pharmacological, or stem cell-based neuroprotective approaches after CA. Preclinical studies utilizing various gases (nitric oxide, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, argon, and xenon), pharmacological agents targeting specific CA-related pathophysiology, and stem cells have shown promising results in rodent and porcine models of CA. Although inhaled gases and several pharmacological agents have entered clinical trials, most have failed to demonstrate therapeutic effects in CA patients. To date, stem cell therapies have not been reported in clinical trials for CA. A relatively small number of preclinical stem-cell studies with subtle therapeutic benefits and unelucidated mechanistic explanations warrant the need for further preclinical studies including the improvement of their therapeutic potential. The current state of the field is discussed and the exciting potential of stem-cell therapy to abate neurological dysfunction following CA is highlighted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5853\/jos.2023.04329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T01:40:46Z","timestamp":1717119646000},"page":"203-230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5853\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Neuroprotective Approaches for Brain Injury After Cardiac Arrest: Current Trends and Prospective Avenues"],"prefix":"10.5853","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Subash","family":"Marasini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1445-8525","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3882","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2020.02.044"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2019.12.042"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2021.02.007"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1601891"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)00953-3"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"e56","volume-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics-2019 update: a report from the American Heart Association","author":"Benjamin","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-020-00856-z"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"1186","volume-title":"Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of cardiac origin: a propensity-matched study and predictor analysis","author":"Maekawa","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-022-00622-7"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06368-4"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"S366","volume-title":"Part 3: adult basic and advanced life support: 2020 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care","author":"Panchal","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678x20970059"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.117.032488"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"6743","volume-title":"Effects of inhaled nitric oxide on outcome after prolonged cardiac arrest in mild therapeutic hypothermia treated rats","author":"Br\u00fccken","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13764"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2021.03.004"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2021.07.001"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101463"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.13222"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.118.011851"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0000000000004242"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.122.027685"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2018.10.024"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6410159"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/shk.0000000000000585"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.020"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.19-101"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101907"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.07.010"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-018-1163-6"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aln.0000000000001128"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2015.12.001"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.120.016494"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1933"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524018666180222121643"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000490166"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-00784-w"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-018-0577-z"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2045-9912.241063"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2017.05.029"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0000000000003198"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11070957"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.09.041"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.01.007"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2016.06.084"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.121.023787"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.112983"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207098"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-020-00255-3"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10259"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.0874-21.2022"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-020-03871-6"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2012.03.023"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2021.01.041"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"3723762","volume-title":"PD98059 protects brain against cells death resulting from ROS\/ERK activation in a cardiac arrest rat model","author":"Nguyen Thi","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.116618"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.934882"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11122450"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.120.020216"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1028002"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2016.04.024"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/shk.0000000000000971"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0000000000005180"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"389","volume-title":"Preserving brain LPC-DHA by plasma supplementation attenuates brain injury after cardiac arrest","author":"Nishikimi","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.337049"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0000000000002690"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253328"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05919-4"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107689"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02571-2"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.08.017"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0000000000003468"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/shk.0000000000001528"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2019.07.091"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113847"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.11.102"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4852"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182707"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.07.052"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.122.027749"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01933-y"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01879-1"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112093"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0000000000003415"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.119.014232"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111646"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0000000000001671"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8768327"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202200121r"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173716"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.117.008389"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.116.003465"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-018-0505-0"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-021-01350-w"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-022-01047-y"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-02998-x"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.108817"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30442"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2021.1903046"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2022.175431"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1806842"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.122.028558"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2981079"},{"key":"ref104","first-page":"1586","volume-title":"Effect of vasopressin and methylprednisolone vs placebo on return of spontaneous circulation in patients with in-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial","author":"Andersen","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.120.053318"},{"key":"ref106","first-page":"2268","volume-title":"Effect of intravenous or intraosseous calcium vs saline on return of spontaneous circulation in adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial","author":"Vallentin","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.5059"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.265563"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.06.012"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.793829"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2017.184"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-020-10067-w"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2019.0190"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103920"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322515"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(16)30513-x"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5853\/jos.2019.03048"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10020377"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2022.112675"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202309866"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-023-01163-3"}],"container-title":["Journal of Stroke"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/j-stroke.org\/upload\/pdf\/jos-2023-04329.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/j-stroke.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.5853\/jos.2023.04329","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/j-stroke.org\/upload\/pdf\/jos-2023-04329.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T06:41:26Z","timestamp":1717569686000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/j-stroke.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.5853\/jos.2023.04329"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5853\/jos.2023.04329","relation":{},"ISSN":["2287-6391","2287-6405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2287-6391","type":"print"},{"value":"2287-6405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-12-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published online","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Print publication","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}