{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T12:32:24Z","timestamp":1770813144482,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Context.<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014Sir William Osler, MD, and Howard Kelly, MD, were probably the preeminent practitioners of their respective specialties, internal medicine and gynecology, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Both were passionately interested in pathology. Although not widely known, during the 1880s, both allegedly pioneered \u201carm's length\u201d methods to perform covert autopsies that involved removing abdominal and even thoracic organs via the anus, vagina, or a small perineal incision hidden behind the scrotum. These techniques were allegedly used, at least occasionally, to circumvent autopsy-consent regulations and to procure teaching specimens for medical museums.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014To examine the historical evidence for these alleged events and to examine these behaviors within the context of (1) the need to obtain pathologic specimens for teaching gross pathology and clinical pathologic correlation to medical trainees, (2) the loose interpretation of autopsy-consent regulations at \u201ccharity hospitals\u201d during the late 19th century, (3) the medical museum movement, and (4) the paternalistic approach to the practice of medicine typical of the times.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Design.<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014To address these issues, standard historiographic methods were used to examine available primary and secondary historical sources.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014The evidence suggests that Kelly developed and published 3 arm's length methods for covert autopsies while a resident in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and that both Kelly and Osler pioneered the use of these methods in the 1880s. The brief history of these \u201cminimally invasive\u201d autopsy techniques is also examined by reviewing 19th and 20th century textbooks of autopsy technique.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusions.<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014Howard Kelly, MD, and William Osler, MD, pioneered arm's length methods for covert autopsies. In fact, this activity appears to have initiated the 2 doctors' long professional relationship.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5858\/133.12.1969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T09:15:01Z","timestamp":1613121301000},"page":"1969-1974","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Sins of Our Fathers: Two of The Four Doctors and Their Roles in the Development of Techniques to Permit Covert Autopsies"],"prefix":"10.5858","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"James R.","family":"Wright Jr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary\/Alberta Health Services\u2013Calgary, Diagnostic and Scientific Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3906","reference":[{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b1","article-title":"William Osler: A Life in Medicine.","author":"Bliss, M.","unstructured":"Bliss, M.\n          \n          William Osler: A Life in Medicine.\n          Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press; 1999."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b2","article-title":"The Royal Liverpool children's inquiry report.","author":"Redfern, M.","unstructured":"Redfern, M., J. W.Keeling, and E.Powell. The Royal Liverpool children's inquiry report.House of Commons: Stationery Office. January 30, 2001. http:\/\/www.rlcinquiry.org.uk\/. Accessed March 23, 2009."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b3","article-title":"dated January 29, 1922 [letter].","author":"Darey, J. H.","unstructured":"Darey, J. H., H.Letter to, and H.Cushing. dated January 29, 1922 [letter].Harvey Cushing\/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, Yale University, folder 520."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b4","article-title":"Who's Who in American Medicine, 1925.","author":"Thompson, L.","unstructured":"Thompson, L. and W. S.Downs. Who's Who in American Medicine, 1925.New York, NY: Who's Who Publications Inc; 1925:262, 366, 854\u2013855."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b5","series-title":"Med Hist","first-page":"37","article-title":"Osler's autopsies: their nature and utilization.","volume":"17","author":"Rodin, A. E.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Rodin, A. E.\n          \n          Osler's autopsies: their nature and utilization.\n          Med Hist\n          1973. 171:37\u201348."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b6","article-title":"Oslerian Pathology: An Assessment and Annotated Atlas of Museum Specimens.","author":"Rodin, A. E.","unstructured":"Rodin, A. E.\n          \n          Oslerian Pathology: An Assessment and Annotated Atlas of Museum Specimens.\n          Lawrence, KS: Coronado Press; 1981:89."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b7","series-title":"J Tech Methods","first-page":"21","article-title":"The Osler pathological collection in the Medical Historical Museum of McGill University.","volume":"14","author":"Abbott, M. E.","year":"1935","unstructured":"Abbott, M. E.\n          \n          The Osler pathological collection in the Medical Historical Museum of McGill University.\n          J Tech Methods\n          1935. 14:21\u201327."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b8","series-title":"South Med J","first-page":"361","article-title":"Howard Atwood Kelly (1858 to 1943): his life and his enduring legacy.","volume":"84","author":"Allen, P. M.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Allen, P. M. and T. K.Setze. Howard Atwood Kelly (1858 to 1943): his life and his enduring legacy.South Med J1991. 843:361\u2013368."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b9","series-title":"The Medical News","first-page":"733","article-title":"On a method of post-mortem examination of the thoracic and abdominal viscera through vagina, perineum, and rectum, and without incision of the abdominal parietes.","volume":"XLII 26","author":"Kelly, H. A.","year":"1883","unstructured":"Kelly, H. A.\n          \n          On a method of post-mortem examination of the thoracic and abdominal viscera through vagina, perineum, and rectum, and without incision of the abdominal parietes.\n          The Medical News\n          June 30,. 1883. (XLII 26):733\u2013734."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b10","series-title":"The Medical News","first-page":"733","article-title":"On a method of post-mortem examination of the thoracic and abdominal viscera through vagina, perineum, and rectum, and without incision of the abdominal parietes.","volume":"XLII 26","author":"Kelly, H. A.","year":"1883","unstructured":"Kelly, H. A.\n          \n          On a method of post-mortem examination of the thoracic and abdominal viscera through vagina, perineum, and rectum, and without incision of the abdominal parietes.\n          The Medical News\n          June 30,. 1883. (XLII 26)733\u2013734. Reprinted with a brief introduction by P Bonello: Minimally invasive autopsy circa 1882\u2014Howard Kelly's innovative and imaginative series.Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech2003. 134:223\u2013226."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b11","article-title":"History of the Anatomy Act of Philadelphia.","author":"Forbes, W. S.","unstructured":"Forbes, W. S.\n          \n          History of the Anatomy Act of Philadelphia.\n          Philadelphia, PA: Medical Publishing Co; 1898."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b12","series-title":"J Hist Med Allied Sci","first-page":"374","article-title":"A body snatcher sponsors Pennsylvania's Anatomy Act.","volume":"21","author":"Montgomery, H.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Montgomery, H.\n          \n          A body snatcher sponsors Pennsylvania's Anatomy Act.\n          J Hist Med Allied Sci\n          1966. 214:374\u2013393."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b13","series-title":"Am Q","first-page":"355","article-title":"\u201cJeff College Boys\u201d: Thomas Eakins, Dr. Forbes, and anatomical fraternity in postbellum Philadelphia.","volume":"57","author":"Braddock, A. C.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Braddock, A. C.\n          \n          \u201cJeff College Boys\u201d: Thomas Eakins, Dr. Forbes, and anatomical fraternity in postbellum Philadelphia.\n          Am Q\n          2005. 572:355\u2013383."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b14","article-title":"Recollections of Sir William Osler.","author":"Osborne, M.","unstructured":"Osborne, M.\n          \n          Recollections of Sir William Osler.\n          In: Abbott ME. Med Bulletin No. IX of the International Association of Medical Museums & Journal of Technical Methods: Sir William Osler Memorial Number: Appreciations & Reminiscences. Toronto, Canada: Murray Printing Co Ltd; 1926:171\u2013174."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b15","article-title":"Post-Mortem Pathology: A Manual of the Technic of Post-mortem Examination and the Interpretations to be Drawn Therefrom\u2014A Practical Treatise for Students and Practitioners. 3rd ed.","author":"Cattell, H. W.","unstructured":"Cattell, H. W.\n          \n          Post-Mortem Pathology: A Manual of the Technic of Post-mortem Examination and the Interpretations to be Drawn Therefrom\u2014A Practical Treatise for Students and Practitioners. 3rd ed.\n          Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott Co; 1906:5\u20136, 295\u2013297."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b16","article-title":"History of Blockley: A History of the Philadelphia General Hospital From its Inception, 1731 to 1928.","author":"Croskey, J. W.","unstructured":"Croskey, J. W.\n          \n          ed. History of Blockley: A History of the Philadelphia General Hospital From its Inception, 1731 to 1928.Philadelphia, PA: FA Davis Co; 1929."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b17","series-title":"Med Life","first-page":"162","article-title":"The history of pathology at the Philadelphia General Hospital.","volume":"40","author":"Krumbhaar, E. B.","year":"1933","unstructured":"Krumbhaar, E. B.\n          \n          The history of pathology at the Philadelphia General Hospital.\n          Med Life\n          1933. 40:162\u2013177."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b18","series-title":"Obstet Gynecol","first-page":"1296","article-title":"Thomas Eakins' Agnew Clinic: a study of medicine through art.","volume":"100","author":"Frumovitz, M. M.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Frumovitz, M. M.\n          \n          Thomas Eakins' Agnew Clinic: a study of medicine through art.\n          Obstet Gynecol\n          2002. 1006:1296\u20131300."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b19","series-title":"Trans Stud Coll Physicians Phila","first-page":"252","article-title":"David Hayes Agnew, M.D. (1818 to 1892).","volume":"33","author":"Radbill, S. X.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Radbill, S. X.\n          \n          David Hayes Agnew, M.D. (1818 to 1892).\n          Trans Stud Coll Physicians Phila\n          1966. 334:252\u2013260."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b20","article-title":"Agnew, David Hayes (1818 to 1892).","author":"Kelly, H. A.","unstructured":"Kelly, H. A.\n          \n          Agnew, David Hayes (1818 to 1892).\n          In: A Cyclopedia of American Medical Biography Comprising the Lives of Eminent Deceased Physicians and Surgeons from 1610 to 1910. Vol 1. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co; 1912:8\u201310."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b21","article-title":"The history of vaginal hysterectomy.","author":"Sutton, C.","unstructured":"Sutton, C.\n          \n          The history of vaginal hysterectomy.\n          In: Sheth S, Studd J, eds. Vaginal Hysterectomy. London, England: Martin Dunitz; 2002:1\u20136."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b22","article-title":"Dr. Kelly of Hopkins: Surgeon, Scientist, Christian.","author":"Davis, A. W.","unstructured":"Davis, A. W.\n          \n          Dr. Kelly of Hopkins: Surgeon, Scientist, Christian.\n          Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press; 1959."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b23","series-title":"Int Urogynecol J","first-page":"48","article-title":"Howard Atwood Kelly (1858 to 1943).","volume":"7","author":"Bent, A. E.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bent, A. E.\n          \n          Howard Atwood Kelly (1858 to 1943).\n          Int Urogynecol J\n          1996. 71:48\u201361."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b24","series-title":"Iowa Orthop J","first-page":"115","article-title":"Surgeon's silence: a history of informed consent in orthopaedics.","volume":"27","author":"Jones, K. B.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jones, K. B.\n          \n          Surgeon's silence: a history of informed consent in orthopaedics.\n          Iowa Orthop J\n          2007. 27:115\u2013120."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b25","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"261","article-title":"Did Sir William Osler perform an autopsy at the Johns Hopkins Hospital?","volume":"132","author":"Lucey, B. P.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lucey, B. P. and G. M.Hutchins. Did Sir William Osler perform an autopsy at the Johns Hopkins Hospital?Arch Pathol Lab Med2008. 1322:261\u2013264."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b26","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"1710","article-title":"Why did Osler not perform autopsies at Johns Hopkins? [letter].","volume":"132","author":"Wright, J. R. Jr","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wright, J. R. Jr\n          \n          Why did Osler not perform autopsies at Johns Hopkins? [letter].\n          Arch Pathol Lab Med\n          2008. 13211:1710."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b27","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"1710","article-title":"In reply [letter].","volume":"132","author":"Lucey, B. P.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lucey, B. P. and G. M.Hutchins. In reply [letter].Arch Pathol Lab Med2008. 13211:1710\u20131712."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b28","article-title":"Scientific Medicine in the Twentieth Century: A Commemoration of 100 Years of the International Association of Medical Museums and the International Academy of Pathology.","author":"Cooke, R. A.","unstructured":"Cooke, R. A.\n          \n          ed. Scientific Medicine in the Twentieth Century: A Commemoration of 100 Years of the International Association of Medical Museums and the International Academy of Pathology.Montreal, Canada: International Academy of Pathology; 2006."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b29","article-title":"Osler and the International Association of Medical Museums.","author":"Warthin, A. S.","unstructured":"Warthin, A. S.\n          \n          Osler and the International Association of Medical Museums.\n          In: Abbott ME. Med Bulletin No. IX of the International Association of Medical Museums & Journal of Technical Methods: Sir William Osler Memorial Number: Appreciations & Reminiscences. Toronto, Canada: Murray Printing Co Ltd; 1926: 1\u20135."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b30","article-title":"Manual of Pathology Including Bacteriology, the Technic of Postmortems, and Methods of Pathologic Research. 3rd ed.","author":"Coplin, W. M. L.","unstructured":"Coplin, W. M. L.\n          \n          Manual of Pathology Including Bacteriology, the Technic of Postmortems, and Methods of Pathologic Research. 3rd ed.\n          Philadelphia, PA: P Blakiston's Son & Co; 1901."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b31","series-title":"Bull Hist Med","first-page":"295","article-title":"William Osler medal essay: the development of the frozen section technique, the evolution of surgical biopsy, and the origins of surgical pathology.","volume":"59","author":"Wright, J. R. Jr","year":"1985","unstructured":"Wright, J. R. Jr\n          \n          William Osler medal essay: the development of the frozen section technique, the evolution of surgical biopsy, and the origins of surgical pathology.\n          Bull Hist Med\n          1985. 593:295\u2013326."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b32","article-title":"The Postmortem Examination.","author":"Farber, S.","unstructured":"Farber, S.\n          \n          The Postmortem Examination.\n          Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher; 1937:138."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b33","article-title":"Current Methods of Autopsy Practice. 2nd ed.","author":"Ludwig, J.","unstructured":"Ludwig, J.\n          \n          Current Methods of Autopsy Practice. 2nd ed.\n          Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co; 1979:6."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b1","article-title":"William Osler: A Life in Medicine.","author":"Bliss, M.","unstructured":"Bliss, M.\n          \n          William Osler: A Life in Medicine.\n          Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press; 1999."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b2","article-title":"The Royal Liverpool children's inquiry report.","author":"Redfern, M.","unstructured":"Redfern, M., J. W.Keeling, and E.Powell. The Royal Liverpool children's inquiry report.House of Commons: Stationery Office. January 30, 2001. http:\/\/www.rlcinquiry.org.uk\/. Accessed March 23, 2009."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b3","article-title":"dated January 29, 1922 [letter].","author":"Darey, J. H.","unstructured":"Darey, J. H., H.Letter to, and H.Cushing. dated January 29, 1922 [letter].Harvey Cushing\/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, Yale University, folder 520."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b4","article-title":"Who's Who in American Medicine, 1925.","author":"Thompson, L.","unstructured":"Thompson, L. and W. S.Downs. Who's Who in American Medicine, 1925.New York, NY: Who's Who Publications Inc; 1925:262, 366, 854\u2013855."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b5","series-title":"Med Hist","first-page":"37","article-title":"Osler's autopsies: their nature and utilization.","volume":"17","author":"Rodin, A. E.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Rodin, A. E.\n          \n          Osler's autopsies: their nature and utilization.\n          Med Hist\n          1973. 171:37\u201348."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b6","article-title":"Oslerian Pathology: An Assessment and Annotated Atlas of Museum Specimens.","author":"Rodin, A. E.","unstructured":"Rodin, A. E.\n          \n          Oslerian Pathology: An Assessment and Annotated Atlas of Museum Specimens.\n          Lawrence, KS: Coronado Press; 1981:89."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b7","series-title":"J Tech Methods","first-page":"21","article-title":"The Osler pathological collection in the Medical Historical Museum of McGill University.","volume":"14","author":"Abbott, M. E.","year":"1935","unstructured":"Abbott, M. E.\n          \n          The Osler pathological collection in the Medical Historical Museum of McGill University.\n          J Tech Methods\n          1935. 14:21\u201327."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b8","series-title":"South Med J","first-page":"361","article-title":"Howard Atwood Kelly (1858 to 1943): his life and his enduring legacy.","volume":"84","author":"Allen, P. M.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Allen, P. M. and T. K.Setze. Howard Atwood Kelly (1858 to 1943): his life and his enduring legacy.South Med J1991. 843:361\u2013368."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b9","series-title":"The Medical News","first-page":"733","article-title":"On a method of post-mortem examination of the thoracic and abdominal viscera through vagina, perineum, and rectum, and without incision of the abdominal parietes.","volume":"XLII 26","author":"Kelly, H. A.","year":"1883","unstructured":"Kelly, H. A.\n          \n          On a method of post-mortem examination of the thoracic and abdominal viscera through vagina, perineum, and rectum, and without incision of the abdominal parietes.\n          The Medical News\n          June 30,. 1883. (XLII 26):733\u2013734."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b10","series-title":"The Medical News","first-page":"733","article-title":"On a method of post-mortem examination of the thoracic and abdominal viscera through vagina, perineum, and rectum, and without incision of the abdominal parietes.","volume":"XLII 26","author":"Kelly, H. A.","year":"1883","unstructured":"Kelly, H. A.\n          \n          On a method of post-mortem examination of the thoracic and abdominal viscera through vagina, perineum, and rectum, and without incision of the abdominal parietes.\n          The Medical News\n          June 30,. 1883. (XLII 26)733\u2013734. Reprinted with a brief introduction by P Bonello: Minimally invasive autopsy circa 1882\u2014Howard Kelly's innovative and imaginative series.Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech2003. 134:223\u2013226."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b11","article-title":"History of the Anatomy Act of Philadelphia.","author":"Forbes, W. S.","unstructured":"Forbes, W. S.\n          \n          History of the Anatomy Act of Philadelphia.\n          Philadelphia, PA: Medical Publishing Co; 1898."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b12","series-title":"J Hist Med Allied Sci","first-page":"374","article-title":"A body snatcher sponsors Pennsylvania's Anatomy Act.","volume":"21","author":"Montgomery, H.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Montgomery, H.\n          \n          A body snatcher sponsors Pennsylvania's Anatomy Act.\n          J Hist Med Allied Sci\n          1966. 214:374\u2013393."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b13","series-title":"Am Q","first-page":"355","article-title":"\u201cJeff College Boys\u201d: Thomas Eakins, Dr. Forbes, and anatomical fraternity in postbellum Philadelphia.","volume":"57","author":"Braddock, A. C.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Braddock, A. C.\n          \n          \u201cJeff College Boys\u201d: Thomas Eakins, Dr. Forbes, and anatomical fraternity in postbellum Philadelphia.\n          Am Q\n          2005. 572:355\u2013383."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b14","article-title":"Recollections of Sir William Osler.","author":"Osborne, M.","unstructured":"Osborne, M.\n          \n          Recollections of Sir William Osler.\n          In: Abbott ME. Med Bulletin No. IX of the International Association of Medical Museums & Journal of Technical Methods: Sir William Osler Memorial Number: Appreciations & Reminiscences. Toronto, Canada: Murray Printing Co Ltd; 1926:171\u2013174."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b15","article-title":"Post-Mortem Pathology: A Manual of the Technic of Post-mortem Examination and the Interpretations to be Drawn Therefrom\u2014A Practical Treatise for Students and Practitioners. 3rd ed.","author":"Cattell, H. W.","unstructured":"Cattell, H. W.\n          \n          Post-Mortem Pathology: A Manual of the Technic of Post-mortem Examination and the Interpretations to be Drawn Therefrom\u2014A Practical Treatise for Students and Practitioners. 3rd ed.\n          Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott Co; 1906:5\u20136, 295\u2013297."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b16","article-title":"History of Blockley: A History of the Philadelphia General Hospital From its Inception, 1731 to 1928.","author":"Croskey, J. W.","unstructured":"Croskey, J. W.\n          \n          ed. History of Blockley: A History of the Philadelphia General Hospital From its Inception, 1731 to 1928.Philadelphia, PA: FA Davis Co; 1929."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b17","series-title":"Med Life","first-page":"162","article-title":"The history of pathology at the Philadelphia General Hospital.","volume":"40","author":"Krumbhaar, E. B.","year":"1933","unstructured":"Krumbhaar, E. B.\n          \n          The history of pathology at the Philadelphia General Hospital.\n          Med Life\n          1933. 40:162\u2013177."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b18","series-title":"Obstet Gynecol","first-page":"1296","article-title":"Thomas Eakins' Agnew Clinic: a study of medicine through art.","volume":"100","author":"Frumovitz, M. M.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Frumovitz, M. M.\n          \n          Thomas Eakins' Agnew Clinic: a study of medicine through art.\n          Obstet Gynecol\n          2002. 1006:1296\u20131300."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b19","series-title":"Trans Stud Coll Physicians Phila","first-page":"252","article-title":"David Hayes Agnew, M.D. (1818 to 1892).","volume":"33","author":"Radbill, S. X.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Radbill, S. X.\n          \n          David Hayes Agnew, M.D. (1818 to 1892).\n          Trans Stud Coll Physicians Phila\n          1966. 334:252\u2013260."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b20","article-title":"Agnew, David Hayes (1818 to 1892).","author":"Kelly, H. A.","unstructured":"Kelly, H. A.\n          \n          Agnew, David Hayes (1818 to 1892).\n          In: A Cyclopedia of American Medical Biography Comprising the Lives of Eminent Deceased Physicians and Surgeons from 1610 to 1910. Vol 1. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co; 1912:8\u201310."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b21","article-title":"The history of vaginal hysterectomy.","author":"Sutton, C.","unstructured":"Sutton, C.\n          \n          The history of vaginal hysterectomy.\n          In: Sheth S, Studd J, eds. Vaginal Hysterectomy. London, England: Martin Dunitz; 2002:1\u20136."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b22","article-title":"Dr. Kelly of Hopkins: Surgeon, Scientist, Christian.","author":"Davis, A. W.","unstructured":"Davis, A. W.\n          \n          Dr. Kelly of Hopkins: Surgeon, Scientist, Christian.\n          Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press; 1959."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b23","series-title":"Int Urogynecol J","first-page":"48","article-title":"Howard Atwood Kelly (1858 to 1943).","volume":"7","author":"Bent, A. E.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bent, A. E.\n          \n          Howard Atwood Kelly (1858 to 1943).\n          Int Urogynecol J\n          1996. 71:48\u201361."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b24","series-title":"Iowa Orthop J","first-page":"115","article-title":"Surgeon's silence: a history of informed consent in orthopaedics.","volume":"27","author":"Jones, K. B.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jones, K. B.\n          \n          Surgeon's silence: a history of informed consent in orthopaedics.\n          Iowa Orthop J\n          2007. 27:115\u2013120."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b25","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"261","article-title":"Did Sir William Osler perform an autopsy at the Johns Hopkins Hospital?","volume":"132","author":"Lucey, B. P.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lucey, B. P. and G. M.Hutchins. Did Sir William Osler perform an autopsy at the Johns Hopkins Hospital?Arch Pathol Lab Med2008. 1322:261\u2013264."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b26","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"1710","article-title":"Why did Osler not perform autopsies at Johns Hopkins? [letter].","volume":"132","author":"Wright, J. R. Jr","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wright, J. R. Jr\n          \n          Why did Osler not perform autopsies at Johns Hopkins? [letter].\n          Arch Pathol Lab Med\n          2008. 13211:1710."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b27","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"1710","article-title":"In reply [letter].","volume":"132","author":"Lucey, B. P.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lucey, B. P. and G. M.Hutchins. In reply [letter].Arch Pathol Lab Med2008. 13211:1710\u20131712."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b28","article-title":"Scientific Medicine in the Twentieth Century: A Commemoration of 100 Years of the International Association of Medical Museums and the International Academy of Pathology.","author":"Cooke, R. A.","unstructured":"Cooke, R. A.\n          \n          ed. Scientific Medicine in the Twentieth Century: A Commemoration of 100 Years of the International Association of Medical Museums and the International Academy of Pathology.Montreal, Canada: International Academy of Pathology; 2006."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b29","article-title":"Osler and the International Association of Medical Museums.","author":"Warthin, A. S.","unstructured":"Warthin, A. S.\n          \n          Osler and the International Association of Medical Museums.\n          In: Abbott ME. Med Bulletin No. IX of the International Association of Medical Museums & Journal of Technical Methods: Sir William Osler Memorial Number: Appreciations & Reminiscences. Toronto, Canada: Murray Printing Co Ltd; 1926: 1\u20135."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b30","article-title":"Manual of Pathology Including Bacteriology, the Technic of Postmortems, and Methods of Pathologic Research. 3rd ed.","author":"Coplin, W. M. L.","unstructured":"Coplin, W. M. L.\n          \n          Manual of Pathology Including Bacteriology, the Technic of Postmortems, and Methods of Pathologic Research. 3rd ed.\n          Philadelphia, PA: P Blakiston's Son & Co; 1901."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b31","series-title":"Bull Hist Med","first-page":"295","article-title":"William Osler medal essay: the development of the frozen section technique, the evolution of surgical biopsy, and the origins of surgical pathology.","volume":"59","author":"Wright, J. R. Jr","year":"1985","unstructured":"Wright, J. R. Jr\n          \n          William Osler medal essay: the development of the frozen section technique, the evolution of surgical biopsy, and the origins of surgical pathology.\n          Bull Hist Med\n          1985. 593:295\u2013326."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b32","article-title":"The Postmortem Examination.","author":"Farber, S.","unstructured":"Farber, S.\n          \n          The Postmortem Examination.\n          Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher; 1937:138."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-12-1969-b33","article-title":"Current Methods of Autopsy Practice. 2nd ed.","author":"Ludwig, J.","unstructured":"Ludwig, J.\n          \n          Current Methods of Autopsy Practice. 2nd ed.\n          Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co; 1979:6."}],"container-title":["Archives of Pathology &amp; Laboratory Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aplm.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/arpa\/133\/12\/article-p1969.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/aplm\/article-pdf\/133\/12\/1969\/2766868\/1543-2165-133_12_1969.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aplm.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/arpa\/133\/12\/article-p1969.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aplm.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/arpa\/133\/12\/article-p1969.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T01:05:33Z","timestamp":1770771933000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aplm.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/arpa\/133\/12\/article-p1969.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5858\/133.12.1969","relation":{},"ISSN":["1543-2165","0003-9985"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1543-2165","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0003-9985","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}}}