{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:22:43Z","timestamp":1791238963728,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Context.\u2014Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease with protean clinical and pathologic manifestations involving almost all organs in the body. There is a high incidence of renal involvement during the course of the disease, with varied renal pathologic lesions and diverse clinical features. A renal biopsy examined by routine light microscopy, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy contributes toward diagnosis, prognostic information, and appropriate management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objectives.\u2014(1) To review the clinical and various pathologic features of renal lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. (2) To introduce the International Society of Nephrology and Renal Pathology Society Classification of Lupus Glomerulonephritis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Data Sources.\u2014A literature review, illustrations with original artwork, and tabulation of clinical and pathologic data of cases obtained from the authors' renal biopsy files examined during the last 8 years were used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions.\u2014The International Society of Nephrology\/ Renal Pathology Society\u2013sponsored Classification of Lupus Glomerulonephritis proposes standardized definitions of the various pathologic findings, describes clinically relevant lesions, incorporates prognostic parameters, and recommends a uniform way of reporting the renal biopsy findings. Lupus glomerulonephritis is divided into 6 classes primarily based on the morphologic lesions, extent and severity of the involvement, immune complex deposition, and activity and chronicity. Special emphasis is laid on describing qualitative as well as quantitative morphologic data and to include the accompanying tubulointerstitial disease and different vascular lesions, which have prognostic and therapeutic significance. This classification is intended to facilitate a higher degree of reproducibility, resulting in better patient care and more effective future clinical and translational research. Renal biopsy findings in systemic lupus erythematosus add new and independent parameters of prognostic significance to established clinical and genetic factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5858\/133.2.233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T09:22:41Z","timestamp":1613121761000},"page":"233-248","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Renal Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus With Emphasis on Classification of Lupus Glomerulonephritis: Advances and Implications"],"prefix":"10.5858","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Surya V.","family":"Seshan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (Dr Seshan); and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Dr Jennette)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Charles","family":"Jennette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (Dr Seshan); and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Dr Jennette)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3906","reference":[{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b1","article-title":"Introduction.","author":"Churg"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"The pathological classification of lupus nephritis.","author":"Schwartz","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192627551.003.0005"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b3","article-title":"Renal disease in systemic lupus erythematosus, mixed connective tissue disease, Sjogren's syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis.","author":"D'Agati"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/15513810701209512","article-title":"Current issues in pediatric lupus nephritis: role of revised histopathological classification.","volume":"25","author":"Marks","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fetal Pediatr Pathol"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-197809000-00001","article-title":"Renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): a study of 56 patients emphasizing histologic classification.","volume":"57","author":"Appel","year":"1978","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780251101","article-title":"The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus.","volume":"25","author":"Tan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400928","article-title":"Updating the American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus.","volume":"40","author":"Hochberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V102413","article-title":"Lupus nephritis.","volume":"10","author":"Cameron","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1067\/mlc.2001.113755","article-title":"Lupus nephritis: lessons from experimental animals.","volume":"137","author":"Peutz-Kootstra","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b10","article-title":"Immunologic tolerance and the induction of autoimmunity.","author":"Pantenberg"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1997.365","article-title":"Lupus nephritis.","volume":"52","author":"Berden","year":"1997","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2005.00239.x","article-title":"Toll-like receptors, endogenous ligands, and systemic autoimmune disease.","volume":"204","author":"Rifkin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006030263","article-title":"Ligands to nucleic acid-specific toll-like receptors and the onset of lupus nephritis.","volume":"17","author":"Pawar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2005.00392.x","article-title":"Pathogenesis of lupus nephritis: an update.","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nephrology (Carlton)"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4003","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21414","article-title":"Is antibody clustering predictive of clinical subsets and damage in systemic lupus erythematosus?","volume":"52","author":"To","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2004.024943","article-title":"Anti-C1q antibodies in nephritis: correlation between titers and renal disease activity and positive value in systemic lupus erythematosus.","volume":"64","author":"Marto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/12.1.57","article-title":"Nucleosomes and histones are present in glomerular deposits in human lupus nephritis.","volume":"12","author":"Van Bruggen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1992.tb03041.x","article-title":"Different mechanisms by which anti-DNA monoclonal antibodies bind to human endothelial cells and glomerular mesangial cells.","volume":"88","author":"Chan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.06.010","article-title":"Pathogenetic role of anti-C1q autoantibodies in the development of lupus nephritis\u2014a hypothesis.","volume":"44","author":"Flierman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b20","first-page":"1053","article-title":"Seasonal variation of lupus nephritis: high prevalence of class V lupus nephritis during winter and spring.","volume":"32","author":"Schlesinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1097\/00002281-200209000-00003","article-title":"Mediators of injury in lupus nephritis.","volume":"14","author":"Oates","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1191\/0961203305lu2053oa","article-title":"Cytokine expression in lupus kidneys.","volume":"14","author":"Aringer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b23","first-page":"1563","article-title":"Prognostic factors in lupus nephritis: diagnostic and therapeutic delay increases the risk of terminal renal failure.","volume":"33","author":"Faurschou","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.62.5.435","article-title":"Improved clinical outcome of lupus nephritis during the past decade: importance of early diagnosis and treatment.","volume":"62","author":"Fiehn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1053\/hupa.2001.28227","article-title":"Nonlupus nephritides in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a comprehensive clinicopathologic study and review of the literature.","volume":"32","author":"Baranowska-Daca","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203306070002","article-title":"Further description of early clinically silent lupus nephritis.","volume":"15","author":"Zabaleta-Lanz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.00492.x","article-title":"Predictive power of the second renal biopsy in lupus nephritis: significance of macrophages.","volume":"59","author":"Hill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2002.00357.x","article-title":"Outcome of relapse in lupus nephritis: roles of reversal of renal fibrosis and response of inflammation to therapy.","volume":"61","author":"Hill","year":"2002","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-0172(05)80019-8","article-title":"The pathogenesis and prognosis of lupus nephritis: information from repeat renal biopsy.","volume":"23","author":"Esdaile","year":"1993","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(99)70082-X","article-title":"Clinical and prognostic value of serial renal biopsies in lupus nephritis.","volume":"34","author":"Moroni","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1997.162","article-title":"Cyclophosphamide therapy for lupus nephritis: poor renal survival in black Americans. Glomerular Disease Collaborative Network.","volume":"51","author":"Dooley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfg345","article-title":"Prognosis in proliferative lupus nephritis: the role of socio-economic status and race\/ethnicity.","volume":"18","author":"Graham Barr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006090992","article-title":"Severe lupus nephritis: racial differences in presentation and outcome.","volume":"18","author":"for the Collaborative Study Group.","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b34","article-title":"Renal Disease: Classification and Atlas of Glomerular Disease. 1st ed.","author":"Churg"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b35","article-title":"Renal Disease: Classification and Atlas of Glomerular Disease. 2nd ed.","author":"Churg"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00443.x","article-title":"The classification of glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus revisited.","volume":"65","author":"Weening","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b37","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus.","author":"Needle"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b38","article-title":"Role of electron microscopy in the classification of lupus nephritis.","author":"Pirani"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1983.170","article-title":"Pathologic differentiation between lupus and non-lupus membranous glomerulopathy.","volume":"24","author":"Jennette","year":"1983","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/019131299281725","article-title":"The value of electron microscopy in the diagnosis and clinical management of lupus nephritis.","volume":"23","author":"Herrera","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ultrastr Pathol"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1159\/000421694","article-title":"Peculiar type of focal and segmental lupus glomerulonephritis: glomerulonephritis or vasculitis?","volume":"99","author":"Ferrario","year":"1992","journal-title":"Contrib Nephrol"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.00730.x","article-title":"Significance of histologic patterns of glomerular injury upon long-term prognosis in severe lupus glomerulonephritis.","volume":"59","author":"Najafi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00688.x","article-title":"Class IV-S versus class IV-G lupus nephritis: clinical and morphologic differences suggesting different pathogenesis.","volume":"68","author":"Hill","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b44","first-page":"711","article-title":"Fingerprint and other organized deposits in lupus nephritis.","volume":"112","author":"Hvala","year":"2000","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-100-1-66","article-title":"Late development of systemic lupus erythematosus in patients with glomerular \u201cfingerprint\u201d deposits.","volume":"100","author":"Alpers","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Int Med"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.00028.x","article-title":"Renal involvement in hepatitis C infection: cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis.","volume":"54","author":"D'Amico","year":"1998","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.00548.x","article-title":"Paraneoplastic glomerulopathies: new insights into an old entity.","volume":"56","author":"Ronco","year":"1999","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/01913129109021300","article-title":"Significance of cytoplasmic inclusion in lupus nephritis.","volume":"15","author":"Venkataseshan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ultrastr Pathol"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/17.10.1771","article-title":"Factors affecting outcome and prognosis in membranous lupus nephropathy.","volume":"17","author":"Mercadal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcg074","article-title":"Powerful morphometric indicator of prognosis in lupus nephritis.","volume":"96","author":"Howie","year":"2003","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b51","first-page":"687","article-title":"Vascular complications of lupus nephritis and lupus-like syndromes.","volume":"112","author":"Seshan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1097\/PCR.0b013e3181558099","article-title":"Lupus vasculopathy and vasculitis: what is the difference and when do they occur?","volume":"12","author":"Seshan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pathol Case Rev"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b53","first-page":"235","article-title":"Vascular lesions in lupus nephritis.","volume":"1","author":"Grishman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)80885-7","article-title":"Renal vascular lesions as a marker of poor prognosis in patients with lupus nephritis.","volume":"18","author":"Banfi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V481499","article-title":"Renal vascular complications of systemic lupus erythematosus.","volume":"14","author":"Appel","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V13142","article-title":"Antiphospholipid syndrome nephropathy in systemic lupus erythematosus.","volume":"13","author":"Daugas","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)80543-9","article-title":"Renal thrombotic microangiopathy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and the antiphospholipid syndrome.","volume":"20","author":"Hughson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2003.09.011","article-title":"Antiphospholipid antibodies are associated with an increased risk for chronic renal insufficiency in patients with lupus nephritis.","volume":"43","author":"Moroni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(83)90338-8","article-title":"Prognostic factors in lupus: contribution of renal histologic data.","volume":"75","author":"Austin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1985.158","article-title":"The detection of monocytes in human glomerulonephritis.","volume":"28","author":"Ferrario","year":"1985","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.66027.x","article-title":"The outcome and a new ISN\/RPS 2003 classification of lupus nephritis in Japanese.","volume":"66","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2004.08.027","article-title":"New subcategories of class IV lupus nephritis: are there clinical, histologic, and outcome differences?","volume":"44","author":"Mittal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200608000-00015","article-title":"Interobserver reproducibility and application of the ISN\/RPS classification of lupus nephritis\u2014a UK-wide study.","volume":"30","author":"Furness","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002118","article-title":"The ISN\/RPS 2003 classification of lupus nephritis: an assessment at 3 years.","volume":"71","author":"Markowitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(99)70180-0","article-title":"Renal manifestations of concurrent systemic lupus erythematosus and HIV infection.","volume":"33","author":"Chang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00215.x","article-title":"HIV-associated immune complex glomerulonephritis with \u201clupus-like\u201d features: a clinicopathologic study of 14 cases.","volume":"67","author":"Haas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2004.06.005","article-title":"Gene expression profiling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from lupus patients with active and inactive disease.","volume":"112","author":"Rus","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6363966","article-title":"Analysis of gene expression profiles in human systemic lupus erythematosus using oligonucleotide microarrary.","volume":"4","author":"Han","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3958","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20798","article-title":"Coordinate overexpression of interferon-alpha-induced genes in systemic lupus erythematosus.","volume":"50","author":"Kirou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2006.09.011","article-title":"Human clinical trials in lupus nephritis.","volume":"27","author":"Dooley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200419139","article-title":"Characterization of heterogeneity in the molecular pathogenesis of lupus nephritis from transcriptional profiles of laser-captured glomeruli.","volume":"133","author":"Peterson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200202000-00005","article-title":"Lupus nephritis in African Americans.","volume":"323","author":"Lea","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"2021021102204329500_i1543-2165-133-2-233-b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2002.00438.x","article-title":"A novel interleukin-8 polymorphism is associated with severe systemic lupus erythematosus nephritis.","volume":"62","author":"Rovin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Kidney Int"}],"container-title":["Archives of Pathology &amp; Laboratory Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/aplm\/article-pdf\/133\/2\/233\/2767168\/1543-2165-133_2_233.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/aplm\/article-pdf\/133\/2\/233\/2767168\/1543-2165-133_2_233.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T19:36:58Z","timestamp":1764790618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aplm.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/arpa\/133\/2\/article-p233.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5858\/133.2.233","relation":{},"ISSN":["1543-2165","0003-9985"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1543-2165","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0003-9985","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]]}}}