{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T06:02:48Z","timestamp":1770789768375,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Context.<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014BK virus strains or regulatory region sequence variations may play a role in the pathogenesis of polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PVAN), although no definite relationship has yet been demonstrated.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014To investigate the pathologic significance of BK virus strains and regulatory region sequence variations.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Design.<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014Eight (3.5%) of 226 patients with renal transplants developed PVAN; the remaining 218 cases were used as controls. From the patients who developed PVAN, 70 urine samples, 63 blood samples, and 17 renal biopsy samples were taken, and 682 urine samples, 677 blood samples, and 101 renal biopsy samples were taken from the control cases. Amplification and sequence analyses of regulatory region were obtained, and the sequences were analyzed using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool program.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014The WWT strain was more frequently detected in PVAN cases than in the control cases (urine: 88.5% vs 22.1%; blood: 85.2% vs 40%; renal biopsies: 77.8% vs 0%), and the AS and WW strains were only isolated from controls. Strain 128-1 was frequently associated with JC virus coinfection in both groups (PVAN: 78.3%; controls: 98%). Major WWT rearrangements were detected in 29.6% of the urine samples, 30.4% of the blood samples, and one renal biopsy from the PVAN cases, but in only one urine sample from the controls. Insertion of 8 base pairs (P block) was found in all 128-1 strains; WW and AS were archetypal in 78.9% and 57.7% of the samples, respectively.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusions.<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014Although the study included only 8 PVAN cases, regulatory region sequence variations seem to be frequent and independent of the development of the disease, and the WWT strain seems more frequently related to the development of nephropathy than other strains.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5858\/133.5.766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T09:55:06Z","timestamp":1613123706000},"page":"766-774","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Detection, Distribution, and Pathologic Significance of BK Virus Strains Isolated From Patients With Kidney Transplants, With and Without Polyomavirus-Associated Nephropathy"],"prefix":"10.5858","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Renzo","family":"Boldorini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medical Science, University School of Medicine \u201cAmedeo Avogadro\u201d of Eastern Piedmont (Dr Boldorini, Ms Allegrini, Mr Miglio, and Ms Paganotti); and the Unit of Pathology, Ospedale Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 (Dr Boldorini and Ms Veggiani), Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Allegrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medical Science, University School of Medicine \u201cAmedeo Avogadro\u201d of Eastern Piedmont (Dr Boldorini, Ms Allegrini, Mr Miglio, and Ms Paganotti); and the Unit of Pathology, Ospedale Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 (Dr Boldorini and Ms Veggiani), Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Umberto","family":"Miglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medical Science, University School of Medicine \u201cAmedeo Avogadro\u201d of Eastern Piedmont (Dr Boldorini, Ms Allegrini, Mr Miglio, and Ms Paganotti); and the Unit of Pathology, Ospedale Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 (Dr Boldorini and Ms Veggiani), Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Paganotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medical Science, University School of Medicine \u201cAmedeo Avogadro\u201d of Eastern Piedmont (Dr Boldorini, Ms Allegrini, Mr Miglio, and Ms Paganotti); and the Unit of Pathology, Ospedale Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 (Dr Boldorini and Ms Veggiani), Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Veggiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medical Science, University School of Medicine \u201cAmedeo Avogadro\u201d of Eastern Piedmont (Dr Boldorini, Ms Allegrini, Mr Miglio, and Ms Paganotti); and the Unit of Pathology, Ospedale Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 (Dr Boldorini and Ms Veggiani), Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3906","reference":[{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b1","series-title":"Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc","first-page":"352","article-title":"Human polyoma virus (HPV)\u2014a significant pathogen in renal transplantation.","volume":"15","author":"Mackenzie, E. F.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Mackenzie, E. F., J. M.Poulding, P. R.Harrison, and B.Amer. Human polyoma virus (HPV)\u2014a significant pathogen in renal transplantation.Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc1978. 15:352\u2013360."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b2","series-title":"Am J Transplant","first-page":"1926","article-title":"A prospective Longitudinal study of BK virus infection in 104 renal transplant recipients.","volume":"5","author":"Bresollette-Bodin, C.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bresollette-Bodin, C., M.Coste-Burel, M.Hourmant, V.Sebile, E.Andre Garnier, and B. M.Imbert-Marcile. A prospective Longitudinal study of BK virus infection in 104 renal transplant recipients.Am J Transplant2005. 5:1926\u20131933."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b3","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1081","article-title":"Pathogenesis and management of polyomavirus infection in transplant recipients.","volume":"35","author":"Kwak, E. J.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kwak, E. J., R. A.Vilchez, P.Randhawa, R.Shapiro, J. S.Butel, and S.Kusne. Pathogenesis and management of polyomavirus infection in transplant recipients.Clin Infect Dis2002. 35:1081\u20131087."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b4","article-title":"Diagnostic Cytology and its Histopathologic Bases. 3rd ed.","author":"Koss, L.","unstructured":"Koss, L.\n          \n          Diagnostic Cytology and its Histopathologic Bases. 3rd ed.\n          Philadelphia, Pa: JB Lippincott; 1979:711\u2013748."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b5","series-title":"J Nephrol","first-page":"24","article-title":"Post-transplantation polyomavirus infections.","volume":"12","author":"Boubenider, S.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Boubenider, S., C.Hiesse, S.Marchand, A.Hafi, F.Kriaa, and B.Charpentier. Post-transplantation polyomavirus infections.J Nephrol1999. 12:24\u201329."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b6","series-title":"Am J Kidney Dis","first-page":"15","article-title":"BK virus-associated nephropathy in a patient with AIDS.","volume":"51","author":"Sukov, W. R.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sukov, W. R., M.Lewin, S.Sethi, T. A.Rakowski, and D. J.Lager. BK virus-associated nephropathy in a patient with AIDS.Am J Kidney Dis2008. 51:15\u201318."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b7","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"611","article-title":"Polyomavirus BK.","volume":"3","author":"Hirsh, H. H.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hirsh, H. H. and J.Steiger. Polyomavirus BK.Lancet Infect Dis2003. 3:611\u2013623."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b8","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"1199","article-title":"Polyomavirus BK non-coding control region rearrangements in health and disease.","volume":"79","author":"Sharma, P. M.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sharma, P. M., G.Gupta, A.Vats, R.Shapiro, and P. S.Randhawa. Polyomavirus BK non-coding control region rearrangements in health and disease.J Med Virol2007. 79:1199\u20131207."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b9","article-title":"Molecular biology of BK virus and clinical and basic aspects of BK virus renal infection.","author":"Moens, U.","unstructured":"Moens, U. and O. P.Rekvig. Molecular biology of BK virus and clinical and basic aspects of BK virus renal infection.In: Khalili K, Stoner GL, eds. Human Polyomaviruses: Molecular and Clinical Perspectives. New York, NY: Wiley-Liss Inc; 2001:359\u2013408."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b10","series-title":"J Mol Evol","first-page":"485","article-title":"Regulatory DNA sequence conserved in the course of BK virus evolution.","volume":"3","author":"Sugimoto, C.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sugimoto, C., K.Hara, F.Taguchi, and Y.Yogo. Regulatory DNA sequence conserved in the course of BK virus evolution.J Mol Evol1990. 3:485\u2013492."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b11","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"353","article-title":"Identification of archetype and rearranged forms of BK virus in leukocytes from healthy individuals.","volume":"60","author":"Chatterjee, M.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chatterjee, M., T. B.Weyandt, and R. J.Frisque. Identification of archetype and rearranged forms of BK virus in leukocytes from healthy individuals.J Med Virol2000. 60:353\u2013362."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b12","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"3864","article-title":"At least two types of control regions can be found among naturally occurring BK virus strains.","volume":"64","author":"Sundsfjord, A.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sundsfjord, A., T.Johansen, and T.Flaegstad. et al. At least two types of control regions can be found among naturally occurring BK virus strains.J Virol1990. 64:3864\u20133871."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b13","series-title":"Virology","first-page":"209","article-title":"Polymorphism in the genome of non-passaged human polyomavirus BK: implications for cell tropism and the pathological role of the virus.","volume":"331","author":"Moens, U.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moens, U. and M.Van Ghelue. Polymorphism in the genome of non-passaged human polyomavirus BK: implications for cell tropism and the pathological role of the virus.Virology2005. 331:209\u2013231."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b14","article-title":"The archetype concept and regulatory region rearrangement.","author":"Yogo, Y.","unstructured":"Yogo, Y. and C.Sugimoto. The archetype concept and regulatory region rearrangement.In: Khalili K, Stoner GL, eds. Human Polyomaviruses: Molecular and Clinical Perspectives. New York, NY: Wiley-Liss Inc; 2001:127\u2013149."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b15","series-title":"Am J Kidney Dis","first-page":"354","article-title":"Molecular genotyping of BK and JC viruses in human polyomavirus-associated interstitial nephritis after renal transplantation.","volume":"38","author":"Baksh, F. K.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Baksh, F. K., S. D.Finkelstein, P. A.Swalsky, G. L.Stoner, C. F.Ryschkewitsch, and P.Randhawa. Molecular genotyping of BK and JC viruses in human polyomavirus-associated interstitial nephritis after renal transplantation.Am J Kidney Dis2001. 38:354\u2013365."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b16","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"82","article-title":"A regulatory region rearranged BK Virus is associated with tubularinterstitial nephritis in a rejected renal allograft.","volume":"64","author":"Chen, C. H.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chen, C. H., M. C.Wen, and M.Wang. et al. A regulatory region rearranged BK Virus is associated with tubularinterstitial nephritis in a rejected renal allograft.J Med Virol2001. 64:82\u201388."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b17","series-title":"Kidney Int","first-page":"743","article-title":"Viral regulatory region sequence variations in kidney tissue obtained from patients with BK virus nephropathy.","volume":"64","author":"Randhawa, P.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Randhawa, P., D.Zygmunt, and R.Shapiro. et al. Viral regulatory region sequence variations in kidney tissue obtained from patients with BK virus nephropathy.Kidney Int2003. 64:743\u2013747."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b18","series-title":"J Clin Virol","first-page":"106","article-title":"BK virus regulatory region sequence deletions in a case of human polyomavirus associated nephropathy (PVAN) after kidney transplantation.","volume":"35","author":"Azzi, A.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Azzi, A., R.De Santis, V.Salotti, N.Di Pietro, F.Ginevri, and P.Comoli. BK virus regulatory region sequence deletions in a case of human polyomavirus associated nephropathy (PVAN) after kidney transplantation.J Clin Virol2006. 35:106\u2013108."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b19","series-title":"Am J Clin Pathol","first-page":"303","article-title":"Are sequence variations in the BK virus control region essential for the development of polyomavirus nephropathy?","volume":"124","author":"Boldorini, R.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Boldorini, R., C.Veggiani, E.Turello, D.Barco, and G.Monga. Are sequence variations in the BK virus control region essential for the development of polyomavirus nephropathy?Am J Clin Pathol2005. 124:303\u2013312."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b20","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"384","article-title":"Genetic variability in BK Virus regulatory regions in urine and kidney biopsies from renal-transplant patients.","volume":"78","author":"Olsen, G. H.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Olsen, G. H., P. A.Andresen, and H. T.Hilmarsen. et al. Genetic variability in BK Virus regulatory regions in urine and kidney biopsies from renal-transplant patients.J Med Virol2006. 78:384\u2013393."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b21","series-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens","first-page":"599","article-title":"Polyomavirus nephropathy: morphology, pathophysiology, and clinical management.","volume":"12","author":"Nickeleit, V.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nickeleit, V., H. K.Singh, and M. J.Mihatsch. Polyomavirus nephropathy: morphology, pathophysiology, and clinical management.Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens2003. 12:599\u2013605."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b22","series-title":"Transpl Infect Dis","first-page":"76","article-title":"Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy: update of clinical management in kidney transplant patients.","volume":"8","author":"Trofe, J.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Trofe, J., H. H.Hirsch, and E.Ramos. Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy: update of clinical management in kidney transplant patients.Transpl Infect Dis2006. 8:76\u201385."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b23","series-title":"Transplantation","first-page":"1277","article-title":"Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy in renal transplantation: interdisciplinary analyses and recommendations.","volume":"79","author":"Hirsch, H. H.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hirsch, H. H., D. C.Brennan, and C. B.Drachenberg. et al. Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy in renal transplantation: interdisciplinary analyses and recommendations.Transplantation2005. 79:1277\u20131286."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b24","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"301","article-title":"BK virus infection of the human urinary tract.","volume":"41","author":"Shinohara, T.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Shinohara, T., M.Matsuda, S. H.Cheng, J.Marshall, M.Fujita, and K.Nagashima. BK virus infection of the human urinary tract.J Med Virol1993. 41:301\u2013305."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b25","series-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant","first-page":"324","article-title":"BK-virus nephropathy in renal transplants-tubular necrosis, MHC-class II expression and rejection in a puzzling game.","volume":"15","author":"Nickeleit, V.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nickeleit, V., H. H.Hirsch, and M.Zeiler. et al. BK-virus nephropathy in renal transplants-tubular necrosis, MHC-class II expression and rejection in a puzzling game.Nephrol Dial Transplant2000. 15:324\u2013332."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b26","article-title":"Sample preparation from paraffin-embedded tissues.","author":"Wright, D. K.","unstructured":"Wright, D. K. and M. M.Manos. Sample preparation from paraffin-embedded tissues.In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Svinskyy JJ, White TJ, eds. PCR Protocols. San Diego, Calif: Academic Press; 1990:153\u2013158."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b27","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"219","article-title":"PCR detection of JC virus DNA in brain tissue from patients with and without progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.","volume":"47","author":"Ferrante, P.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ferrante, P., R.Caldarelli-Stefano, E.Omodeo-Zorini, L.Vago, R.Boldorini, and G.Costanzi. PCR detection of JC virus DNA in brain tissue from patients with and without progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.J Med Virol1995. 47:219\u2013225."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b28","series-title":"Arch Virol","first-page":"1919","article-title":"BK virus and a new type of JC virus excreted by HIV-1 positive patients in rural Tanzania.","volume":"140","author":"Agostini, H. T.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Agostini, H. T., G. R.Brubaker, and J.Shao. et al. BK virus and a new type of JC virus excreted by HIV-1 positive patients in rural Tanzania.Arch Virol1995. 140:1919\u20131934."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b29","series-title":"J Virol Meth","first-page":"137","article-title":"Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the simultaneous detection and typing of polyomavirus JC, BK and SV40 DNA in clinical samples.","volume":"82","author":"Fedele, C. G.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fedele, C. G., M.Ciardi, S.Delia, J. M.Echevarria, and A.Tenorio. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the simultaneous detection and typing of polyomavirus JC, BK and SV40 DNA in clinical samples.J Virol Meth1999. 82:137\u2013144."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b30","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"11","article-title":"Genomic typing of BK virus in clinical specimens by direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products.","volume":"41","author":"Jin, L.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Jin, L., P. E.Gibson, J. C.Booth, and J. P.Clewley. Genomic typing of BK virus in clinical specimens by direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products.J Med Virol1993. 41:11\u201317."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b31","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"4274","article-title":"Complex functional interactions at the early enhancer of the PQ strain of BK virus.","volume":"68","author":"Ferguson, A. T.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ferguson, A. T. and S.Subramani. Complex functional interactions at the early enhancer of the PQ strain of BK virus.J Virol1994. 68:4274\u20134286."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b32","series-title":"Nat Rev Cancer","first-page":"11","article-title":"The natural history of cervical HPV infection: unresolved issue.","volume":"7","author":"Woodman, C. B. J.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Woodman, C. B. J., S. I.Collins, and L. S.Young. The natural history of cervical HPV infection: unresolved issue.Nat Rev Cancer2007. 7:11\u201322."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b1","series-title":"Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc","first-page":"352","article-title":"Human polyoma virus (HPV)\u2014a significant pathogen in renal transplantation.","volume":"15","author":"Mackenzie, E. F.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Mackenzie, E. F., J. M.Poulding, P. R.Harrison, and B.Amer. Human polyoma virus (HPV)\u2014a significant pathogen in renal transplantation.Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc1978. 15:352\u2013360."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b2","series-title":"Am J Transplant","first-page":"1926","article-title":"A prospective Longitudinal study of BK virus infection in 104 renal transplant recipients.","volume":"5","author":"Bresollette-Bodin, C.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bresollette-Bodin, C., M.Coste-Burel, M.Hourmant, V.Sebile, E.Andre Garnier, and B. M.Imbert-Marcile. A prospective Longitudinal study of BK virus infection in 104 renal transplant recipients.Am J Transplant2005. 5:1926\u20131933."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b3","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1081","article-title":"Pathogenesis and management of polyomavirus infection in transplant recipients.","volume":"35","author":"Kwak, E. J.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kwak, E. J., R. A.Vilchez, P.Randhawa, R.Shapiro, J. S.Butel, and S.Kusne. Pathogenesis and management of polyomavirus infection in transplant recipients.Clin Infect Dis2002. 35:1081\u20131087."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b4","article-title":"Diagnostic Cytology and its Histopathologic Bases. 3rd ed.","author":"Koss, L.","unstructured":"Koss, L.\n          \n          Diagnostic Cytology and its Histopathologic Bases. 3rd ed.\n          Philadelphia, Pa: JB Lippincott; 1979:711\u2013748."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b5","series-title":"J Nephrol","first-page":"24","article-title":"Post-transplantation polyomavirus infections.","volume":"12","author":"Boubenider, S.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Boubenider, S., C.Hiesse, S.Marchand, A.Hafi, F.Kriaa, and B.Charpentier. Post-transplantation polyomavirus infections.J Nephrol1999. 12:24\u201329."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b6","series-title":"Am J Kidney Dis","first-page":"15","article-title":"BK virus-associated nephropathy in a patient with AIDS.","volume":"51","author":"Sukov, W. R.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sukov, W. R., M.Lewin, S.Sethi, T. A.Rakowski, and D. J.Lager. BK virus-associated nephropathy in a patient with AIDS.Am J Kidney Dis2008. 51:15\u201318."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b7","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"611","article-title":"Polyomavirus BK.","volume":"3","author":"Hirsh, H. H.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hirsh, H. H. and J.Steiger. Polyomavirus BK.Lancet Infect Dis2003. 3:611\u2013623."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b8","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"1199","article-title":"Polyomavirus BK non-coding control region rearrangements in health and disease.","volume":"79","author":"Sharma, P. M.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sharma, P. M., G.Gupta, A.Vats, R.Shapiro, and P. S.Randhawa. Polyomavirus BK non-coding control region rearrangements in health and disease.J Med Virol2007. 79:1199\u20131207."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b9","article-title":"Molecular biology of BK virus and clinical and basic aspects of BK virus renal infection.","author":"Moens, U.","unstructured":"Moens, U. and O. P.Rekvig. Molecular biology of BK virus and clinical and basic aspects of BK virus renal infection.In: Khalili K, Stoner GL, eds. Human Polyomaviruses: Molecular and Clinical Perspectives. New York, NY: Wiley-Liss Inc; 2001:359\u2013408."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b10","series-title":"J Mol Evol","first-page":"485","article-title":"Regulatory DNA sequence conserved in the course of BK virus evolution.","volume":"3","author":"Sugimoto, C.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sugimoto, C., K.Hara, F.Taguchi, and Y.Yogo. Regulatory DNA sequence conserved in the course of BK virus evolution.J Mol Evol1990. 3:485\u2013492."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b11","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"353","article-title":"Identification of archetype and rearranged forms of BK virus in leukocytes from healthy individuals.","volume":"60","author":"Chatterjee, M.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chatterjee, M., T. B.Weyandt, and R. J.Frisque. Identification of archetype and rearranged forms of BK virus in leukocytes from healthy individuals.J Med Virol2000. 60:353\u2013362."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b12","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"3864","article-title":"At least two types of control regions can be found among naturally occurring BK virus strains.","volume":"64","author":"Sundsfjord, A.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sundsfjord, A., T.Johansen, and T.Flaegstad. et al. At least two types of control regions can be found among naturally occurring BK virus strains.J Virol1990. 64:3864\u20133871."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b13","series-title":"Virology","first-page":"209","article-title":"Polymorphism in the genome of non-passaged human polyomavirus BK: implications for cell tropism and the pathological role of the virus.","volume":"331","author":"Moens, U.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moens, U. and M.Van Ghelue. Polymorphism in the genome of non-passaged human polyomavirus BK: implications for cell tropism and the pathological role of the virus.Virology2005. 331:209\u2013231."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b14","article-title":"The archetype concept and regulatory region rearrangement.","author":"Yogo, Y.","unstructured":"Yogo, Y. and C.Sugimoto. The archetype concept and regulatory region rearrangement.In: Khalili K, Stoner GL, eds. Human Polyomaviruses: Molecular and Clinical Perspectives. New York, NY: Wiley-Liss Inc; 2001:127\u2013149."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b15","series-title":"Am J Kidney Dis","first-page":"354","article-title":"Molecular genotyping of BK and JC viruses in human polyomavirus-associated interstitial nephritis after renal transplantation.","volume":"38","author":"Baksh, F. K.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Baksh, F. K., S. D.Finkelstein, P. A.Swalsky, G. L.Stoner, C. F.Ryschkewitsch, and P.Randhawa. Molecular genotyping of BK and JC viruses in human polyomavirus-associated interstitial nephritis after renal transplantation.Am J Kidney Dis2001. 38:354\u2013365."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b16","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"82","article-title":"A regulatory region rearranged BK Virus is associated with tubularinterstitial nephritis in a rejected renal allograft.","volume":"64","author":"Chen, C. H.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chen, C. H., M. C.Wen, and M.Wang. et al. A regulatory region rearranged BK Virus is associated with tubularinterstitial nephritis in a rejected renal allograft.J Med Virol2001. 64:82\u201388."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b17","series-title":"Kidney Int","first-page":"743","article-title":"Viral regulatory region sequence variations in kidney tissue obtained from patients with BK virus nephropathy.","volume":"64","author":"Randhawa, P.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Randhawa, P., D.Zygmunt, and R.Shapiro. et al. Viral regulatory region sequence variations in kidney tissue obtained from patients with BK virus nephropathy.Kidney Int2003. 64:743\u2013747."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b18","series-title":"J Clin Virol","first-page":"106","article-title":"BK virus regulatory region sequence deletions in a case of human polyomavirus associated nephropathy (PVAN) after kidney transplantation.","volume":"35","author":"Azzi, A.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Azzi, A., R.De Santis, V.Salotti, N.Di Pietro, F.Ginevri, and P.Comoli. BK virus regulatory region sequence deletions in a case of human polyomavirus associated nephropathy (PVAN) after kidney transplantation.J Clin Virol2006. 35:106\u2013108."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b19","series-title":"Am J Clin Pathol","first-page":"303","article-title":"Are sequence variations in the BK virus control region essential for the development of polyomavirus nephropathy?","volume":"124","author":"Boldorini, R.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Boldorini, R., C.Veggiani, E.Turello, D.Barco, and G.Monga. Are sequence variations in the BK virus control region essential for the development of polyomavirus nephropathy?Am J Clin Pathol2005. 124:303\u2013312."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b20","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"384","article-title":"Genetic variability in BK Virus regulatory regions in urine and kidney biopsies from renal-transplant patients.","volume":"78","author":"Olsen, G. H.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Olsen, G. H., P. A.Andresen, and H. T.Hilmarsen. et al. Genetic variability in BK Virus regulatory regions in urine and kidney biopsies from renal-transplant patients.J Med Virol2006. 78:384\u2013393."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b21","series-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens","first-page":"599","article-title":"Polyomavirus nephropathy: morphology, pathophysiology, and clinical management.","volume":"12","author":"Nickeleit, V.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nickeleit, V., H. K.Singh, and M. J.Mihatsch. Polyomavirus nephropathy: morphology, pathophysiology, and clinical management.Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens2003. 12:599\u2013605."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b22","series-title":"Transpl Infect Dis","first-page":"76","article-title":"Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy: update of clinical management in kidney transplant patients.","volume":"8","author":"Trofe, J.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Trofe, J., H. H.Hirsch, and E.Ramos. Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy: update of clinical management in kidney transplant patients.Transpl Infect Dis2006. 8:76\u201385."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b23","series-title":"Transplantation","first-page":"1277","article-title":"Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy in renal transplantation: interdisciplinary analyses and recommendations.","volume":"79","author":"Hirsch, H. H.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hirsch, H. H., D. C.Brennan, and C. B.Drachenberg. et al. Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy in renal transplantation: interdisciplinary analyses and recommendations.Transplantation2005. 79:1277\u20131286."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b24","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"301","article-title":"BK virus infection of the human urinary tract.","volume":"41","author":"Shinohara, T.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Shinohara, T., M.Matsuda, S. H.Cheng, J.Marshall, M.Fujita, and K.Nagashima. BK virus infection of the human urinary tract.J Med Virol1993. 41:301\u2013305."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b25","series-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant","first-page":"324","article-title":"BK-virus nephropathy in renal transplants-tubular necrosis, MHC-class II expression and rejection in a puzzling game.","volume":"15","author":"Nickeleit, V.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nickeleit, V., H. H.Hirsch, and M.Zeiler. et al. BK-virus nephropathy in renal transplants-tubular necrosis, MHC-class II expression and rejection in a puzzling game.Nephrol Dial Transplant2000. 15:324\u2013332."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b26","article-title":"Sample preparation from paraffin-embedded tissues.","author":"Wright, D. K.","unstructured":"Wright, D. K. and M. M.Manos. Sample preparation from paraffin-embedded tissues.In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Svinskyy JJ, White TJ, eds. PCR Protocols. San Diego, Calif: Academic Press; 1990:153\u2013158."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b27","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"219","article-title":"PCR detection of JC virus DNA in brain tissue from patients with and without progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.","volume":"47","author":"Ferrante, P.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ferrante, P., R.Caldarelli-Stefano, E.Omodeo-Zorini, L.Vago, R.Boldorini, and G.Costanzi. PCR detection of JC virus DNA in brain tissue from patients with and without progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.J Med Virol1995. 47:219\u2013225."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b28","series-title":"Arch Virol","first-page":"1919","article-title":"BK virus and a new type of JC virus excreted by HIV-1 positive patients in rural Tanzania.","volume":"140","author":"Agostini, H. T.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Agostini, H. T., G. R.Brubaker, and J.Shao. et al. BK virus and a new type of JC virus excreted by HIV-1 positive patients in rural Tanzania.Arch Virol1995. 140:1919\u20131934."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b29","series-title":"J Virol Meth","first-page":"137","article-title":"Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the simultaneous detection and typing of polyomavirus JC, BK and SV40 DNA in clinical samples.","volume":"82","author":"Fedele, C. G.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fedele, C. G., M.Ciardi, S.Delia, J. M.Echevarria, and A.Tenorio. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the simultaneous detection and typing of polyomavirus JC, BK and SV40 DNA in clinical samples.J Virol Meth1999. 82:137\u2013144."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b30","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"11","article-title":"Genomic typing of BK virus in clinical specimens by direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products.","volume":"41","author":"Jin, L.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Jin, L., P. E.Gibson, J. C.Booth, and J. P.Clewley. Genomic typing of BK virus in clinical specimens by direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products.J Med Virol1993. 41:11\u201317."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b31","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"4274","article-title":"Complex functional interactions at the early enhancer of the PQ strain of BK virus.","volume":"68","author":"Ferguson, A. T.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ferguson, A. T. and S.Subramani. Complex functional interactions at the early enhancer of the PQ strain of BK virus.J Virol1994. 68:4274\u20134286."},{"key":"i1543-2165-133-5-766-b32","series-title":"Nat Rev Cancer","first-page":"11","article-title":"The natural history of cervical HPV infection: unresolved issue.","volume":"7","author":"Woodman, C. B. J.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Woodman, C. B. J., S. I.Collins, and L. S.Young. The natural history of cervical HPV infection: unresolved issue.Nat Rev Cancer2007. 7:11\u201322."}],"container-title":["Archives of Pathology &amp; Laboratory Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aplm.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/arpa\/133\/5\/article-p766.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/aplm\/article-pdf\/133\/5\/766\/2767608\/1543-2165-133_5_766.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aplm.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/arpa\/133\/5\/article-p766.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aplm.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/arpa\/133\/5\/article-p766.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T01:05:39Z","timestamp":1770771939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aplm.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/arpa\/133\/5\/article-p766.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5858\/133.5.766","relation":{},"ISSN":["1543-2165","0003-9985"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1543-2165","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0003-9985","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]}}}