{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T21:59:49Z","timestamp":1790891989119,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Context.<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014The presence of histopathologic risk factors is associated with development of metastasis in a patient with retinoblastoma. Adjuvant chemotherapy administered to such patients decreases the risk of metastasis.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014To analyze the incidence of histopathologic risk factors in our patient population and the clinical predictors of such risk factors.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Design.<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014This is a retrospective case series, with review of clinical data and histopathologic slides, in 142 consecutive eyes enucleated for retinoblastoma between 1996 and 2002.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014Histopathologic risk factors were present in 54.2% of 142 eyes enucleated for retinoblastoma and included infiltration of iris (7%), ciliary body (9%), choroid (40%), optic nerve lamina cribrosa (11%), retrolaminar optic nerve (17%), optic nerve to the line of transection (8%), sclera (9%), and extrascleral structures (6%). On univariate analysis, histopathologic risk factors correlated with age greater than 24 months at presentation and with glaucoma and iris neovascularization at presentation. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, age greater than 24 months and iris neovascularization correlated with infiltration of the choroid, while iris neovascularization correlated with infiltration of the retrolaminar optic nerve.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusion.<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014Histopathologic risk factors are present in a significant proportion of patients enucleated for retinoblastoma and have identifiable clinical predictors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5858\/133.8.1210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T10:39:06Z","timestamp":1613126346000},"page":"1210-1214","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Histopathologic Risk Factors in Retinoblastoma in India"],"prefix":"10.5858","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Roshmi","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From Ocular Oncology Service (Drs Gupta, Reddy, and Honavar) and Ocular Pathology Service (Dr Vemuganti), L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geeta K.","family":"Vemuganti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Ocular Oncology Service (Drs Gupta, Reddy, and Honavar) and Ocular Pathology Service (Dr Vemuganti), L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay Anand P.","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Ocular Oncology Service (Drs Gupta, Reddy, and Honavar) and Ocular Pathology Service (Dr Vemuganti), L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santosh G.","family":"Honavar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Ocular Oncology Service (Drs Gupta, Reddy, and Honavar) and Ocular Pathology Service (Dr Vemuganti), L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3906","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-133-8-1210-b1","series-title":"Ophthalmology","first-page":"307","article-title":"Workup for metastatic retinoblastoma: a review of 261 patients.","volume":"104","author":"Karcioglu, Z. A.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Karcioglu, Z. A., S. A.Al-Mesfer, E.Abboud, M. H.Jabak, and P. B.Mullaney. Workup for metastatic retinoblastoma: a review of 261 patients.Ophthalmology1997. 1042:307\u2013312."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-133-8-1210-b2","series-title":"Ophthalmology","first-page":"136","article-title":"Risk factors for metastases in patients with retinoblastoma.","volume":"98","author":"Messmer, E. P.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Messmer, E. P., T.Heinrich, W.H\u00f6pping, E.de Sutter, W.Havers, and W.Sauerwein. Risk factors for metastases in patients with retinoblastoma.Ophthalmology1991. 982:136\u2013141."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-133-8-1210-b3","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"1206","article-title":"Histopathologic risk factors in retinoblastoma: a retrospective study of 172 patients treated at a single institution.","volume":"77","author":"Khelfaoui, F.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Khelfaoui, F., P.Validire, and A.Auperin. et al. Histopathologic risk factors in retinoblastoma: a retrospective study of 172 patients treated at a single institution.Cancer1996. 776:1206\u20131213."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-133-8-1210-b4","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"692","article-title":"Optic nerve invasion of retinoblastoma: metastatic potential and clinical risk factors.","volume":"73","author":"Shields, C. L.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Shields, C. L., J. A.Shields, K.Baez, J. R.Cater, and P.De Potter. Optic nerve invasion of retinoblastoma: metastatic potential and clinical risk factors.Cancer1994. 733:692\u2013698."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1543-2165-133-8-1210-b5","series-title":"Br J Ophthalmol","first-page":"544","article-title":"Choroidal invasion of retinoblastoma: metastatic potential and clinical risk factors.","volume":"77","author":"Shields, C. L.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Shields, C. L., J. A.Shields, K. A.Baez, J.Cater, and P. V.De Potter. Choroidal invasion of retinoblastoma: metastatic potential and clinical risk factors.Br J Ophthalmol1993. 779:544\u2013548."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-133-8-1210-b6","series-title":"Ophthalmology","first-page":"217","article-title":"Optic nerve involvement in retinoblastoma.","volume":"96","author":"Magramm, I.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Magramm, I., D. H.Abramson, and R. M.Ellsworth. Optic nerve involvement in retinoblastoma.Ophthalmology1989. 962:217\u2013222."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-133-8-1210-b7","series-title":"Ophthalmology","first-page":"371","article-title":"Multivariate analysis of risk factors for metastasis in retinoblastoma treated by enucleation.","volume":"94","author":"Kopelman, J. E.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kopelman, J. E., I. W.McLean, and S. H.Rosenberg. Multivariate analysis of risk factors for metastasis in retinoblastoma treated by enucleation.Ophthalmology1987. 944:371\u2013377."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1543-2165-133-8-1210-b8","series-title":"Br J Ophthalmol","first-page":"541","article-title":"Factors influencing metastasis in retinoblastoma.","volume":"77","author":"Hungerford, J.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hungerford, J.\n          \n          Factors influencing metastasis in retinoblastoma.\n          Br J Ophthalmol\n          1993. 779:541."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1543-2165-133-8-1210-b9","series-title":"Arch Ophthalmol","first-page":"923","article-title":"Postenucleation adjuvant therapy in high-risk retinoblastoma.","volume":"120","author":"Honavar, S. G.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Honavar, S. G., A. D.Singh, and C. L.Shields. et al. Postenucleation adjuvant therapy in high-risk retinoblastoma.Arch Ophthalmol2002. 1207:923\u2013931."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-133-8-1210-b10","series-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus","first-page":"174","article-title":"Retinoblastoma: correlation between age at diagnosis and survival.","volume":"23","author":"Abramson, D. H.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Abramson, D. H., R. M.Ellsworth, N.Grumbach, L.Sturgis-Buckout, and B. G.Haik. Retinoblastoma: correlation between age at diagnosis and survival.J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus1986. 234:174\u2013177."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1543-2165-133-8-1210-b11","series-title":"Ophthalmology","first-page":"1016","article-title":"Unilateral vs. bilateral retinoblastoma: correlations between age at diagnosis and stage of ocular disease.","volume":"93","author":"Rubenfeld, M.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rubenfeld, M., D. M.Abramson, R. M.Ellsworth, and D.Kitchin. 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Management of advanced retinoblastoma.Ophthalmol Clin North Am2005. 181:65\u201373. viii."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-133-8-1210-b1","series-title":"Ophthalmology","first-page":"307","article-title":"Workup for metastatic retinoblastoma: a review of 261 patients.","volume":"104","author":"Karcioglu, Z. A.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Karcioglu, Z. A., S. A.Al-Mesfer, E.Abboud, M. H.Jabak, and P. B.Mullaney. Workup for metastatic retinoblastoma: a review of 261 patients.Ophthalmology1997. 1042:307\u2013312."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-133-8-1210-b2","series-title":"Ophthalmology","first-page":"136","article-title":"Risk factors for metastases in patients with retinoblastoma.","volume":"98","author":"Messmer, E. P.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Messmer, E. P., T.Heinrich, W.H\u00f6pping, E.de Sutter, W.Havers, and W.Sauerwein. 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Multivariate analysis of risk factors for metastasis in retinoblastoma treated by enucleation.Ophthalmology1987. 944:371\u2013377."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1543-2165-133-8-1210-b8","series-title":"Br J Ophthalmol","first-page":"541","article-title":"Factors influencing metastasis in retinoblastoma.","volume":"77","author":"Hungerford, J.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hungerford, J.\n          \n          Factors influencing metastasis in retinoblastoma.\n          Br J Ophthalmol\n          1993. 779:541."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1543-2165-133-8-1210-b9","series-title":"Arch Ophthalmol","first-page":"923","article-title":"Postenucleation adjuvant therapy in high-risk retinoblastoma.","volume":"120","author":"Honavar, S. G.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Honavar, S. G., A. D.Singh, and C. L.Shields. et al. Postenucleation adjuvant therapy in high-risk retinoblastoma.Arch Ophthalmol2002. 1207:923\u2013931."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-133-8-1210-b10","series-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus","first-page":"174","article-title":"Retinoblastoma: correlation between age at diagnosis and survival.","volume":"23","author":"Abramson, D. H.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Abramson, D. H., R. M.Ellsworth, N.Grumbach, L.Sturgis-Buckout, and B. G.Haik. Retinoblastoma: correlation between age at diagnosis and survival.J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus1986. 234:174\u2013177."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1543-2165-133-8-1210-b11","series-title":"Ophthalmology","first-page":"1016","article-title":"Unilateral vs. bilateral retinoblastoma: correlations between age at diagnosis and stage of ocular disease.","volume":"93","author":"Rubenfeld, M.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rubenfeld, M., D. M.Abramson, R. M.Ellsworth, and D.Kitchin. 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