{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T02:39:15Z","timestamp":1791254355272,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Context.\u2014Colorectal cancer is the leading cause of morbidity and death among gastrointestinal tumors and ranks fourth after lung, breast, and ovarian cancers. Despite a continuous refinement of the T (tumor), N (node), and M (metastasis) staging system to express disease extent and define prognosis, and eventually to guide treatment, the outcome of patients with colorectal cancer may vary considerably even within the same tumor stage. Therefore, the need for new factors, either morphologic or molecular, that could more precisely stratify patients into different risk categories is clearly warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objectives.\u2014To present the state of the art with regard to the colorectal cancer staging system and to discuss confusing and\/or challenging issues, including the assessment of peritoneal membrane involvement, vascular invasion, tumor deposits, and pathologic tumor response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Data Sources.\u2014Literature review of relevant articles indexed in PubMed (US National Library of Medicine) and primary material from the authors' institutions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions.\u2014Two emerging needs exist for the TNM system, namely, further stratification of patients with the same tumor stage and incorporation of nonanatomic factors, the latter including molecular and treatment factors. The identification and classification of morphologic features encountered in the pathologic examination of colorectal cancer specimens may be difficult and a source of subjective variability. Enhanced pathologic analysis, agreed-upon standard protocols, and standardization should improve the completeness and accuracy of pathology reports.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5858\/134.6.837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T12:27:48Z","timestamp":1613132868000},"page":"837-852","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":159,"title":["TNM Staging System of Colorectal Carcinoma: A Critical Appraisal of Challenging Issues"],"prefix":"10.5858","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Puppa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelica","family":"Sonzogni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romano","family":"Colombari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Pelosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3906","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700350303","article-title":"The classification of cancer of the rectum.","volume":"35","author":"Dukes","year":"1932","journal-title":"J Pathol Bacteriol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b02","first-page":"326","article-title":"The role of the peritoneal reflection in the prognosis of carcinoma of the rectum and sigmoid colon.","volume":"88","author":"Kirklin","year":"1949","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-195406000-00015","article-title":"The prognostic significance of direct extension of carcinoma of the colon and rectum.","volume":"139","author":"Astler","year":"1954","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1958.37","article-title":"The spread of rectal cancer and its effect on prognosis.","volume":"12","author":"Dukes","year":"1958","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.40.9.1016","article-title":"Reporting colorectal cancer.","volume":"40","author":"Jass","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b06","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2006.00957.x","article-title":"A Dukes\/Jass combination\u2014is it more discriminating?","volume":"8","author":"Haslam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b07","volume-title":"TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors. 6th ed","author":"Sobin","year":"2002"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b08","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.54.6.295","article-title":"The staging of colorectal cancer: 2004 and beyond.","volume":"54","author":"Compton","year":"2004","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b09","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11898","article-title":"The process for continuous improvement of the TNM classification.","volume":"100","author":"Gospodarowicz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b10","volume-title":"TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors. 5th ed","author":"Sobin","year":"1997"},{"key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-82982-6","volume-title":"TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors. 4th ed","author":"Hermanek","year":"1987"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MP.0000062859.46942.93","article-title":"Colorectal carcinoma: diagnostic, prognostic, and molecular features.","volume":"16","author":"Compton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"22 pt 2","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6871s","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-1151","article-title":"Newer pathologic assessment techniques for colorectal carcinoma.","volume":"13","author":"Turner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b14","first-page":"561","article-title":"Prognostic and predictive factors in colorectal cancer.","volume":"61","author":"Zlobec","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3322\/CA.2008.0001","article-title":"The staging of cancer: a retrospective and prospective appraisal.","volume":"58","author":"Greene","year":"2008","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19991201)86:11<2189::AID-CNCR1>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"How to improve the present TNM staging system.","volume":"86","author":"Hermanek","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"22, pt 2","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6862s","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-1398","article-title":"Optimal pathologic staging: defining stage II disease.","volume":"13","author":"Compton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-008-9246-z","article-title":"Identification of patients with high-risk stage II colon cancer for adjuvant therapy.","volume":"51","author":"Quah","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20010915)92:6<1435::AID-CNCR1467>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"High-risk groups of patients with stage II colon carcinoma.","volume":"92","author":"Merkel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"22","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dji383","article-title":"Re: Colon cancer survival rates with the new American Joint Committee on Cancer sixth edition staging.","volume":"97","author":"Jeong","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"19","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djh275","article-title":"Colon cancer survival rates with the new American Joint Committee on Cancer sixth edition staging.","volume":"96","author":"O'Connell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b22","article-title":"Epithelial neoplasia of the intestines.","author":"Rosai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tumors of the Intestines"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e318167580f","article-title":"Histological grading of colorectal cancer: a simple and objective method.","volume":"247","author":"Ueno","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1309\/6UHNC7MAD8KWNAWC","article-title":"Recommendations for the reporting of surgically resected specimens of colorectal carcinoma: Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology.","volume":"129","author":"Jass","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e318184cd55","article-title":"Tumor budding is a strong and reproducible prognostic marker in T3N0 colorectal cancer.","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-0935-y","article-title":"Curative resection of T1 colorectal carcinoma: risk of lymph node metastasis and long-term prognosis.","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000143243.81014.f2","article-title":"A new prognostic staging system for rectal cancer.","volume":"240","author":"Ueno","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2005.02161.x","article-title":"Tumour budding as prognostic factor in stage I\/II colorectal carcinoma.","volume":"47","author":"Prall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6259-0","article-title":"Budding as a risk factor for lymph node metastasis in pT1 or pT2 well-differentiated colorectal adenocarcinoma.","volume":"45","author":"Okuyama","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.10230","article-title":"Budding as a useful prognostic marker in pT3 well- or moderately-differentiated rectal adenocarcinoma.","volume":"83","author":"Okuyama","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6757-0","article-title":"Budding is useful to select high-risk patients in stage II well-differentiated or moderately differentiated colon adenocarcinoma.","volume":"46","author":"Okuyama","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02238588","article-title":"Prognostic value of tumor \u201cbudding\u201d in patients with colorectal cancer.","volume":"36","author":"Hase","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-006-0249-8","article-title":"Tumor budding as a prognostic marker in stage-III rectal carcinoma.","volume":"22","author":"Choi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.5858\/2008-132-1600-CCSIIP","article-title":"Colorectal carcinoma: selected issues in pathologic examination and staging and determination of prognostic factors.","volume":"132","author":"Washington","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1986.tb02497.x","article-title":"The grading of rectal cancer: historical perspectives and a multivariate analysis of 447 cases.","volume":"10","author":"Jass","year":"1986","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2559.1996.d01-467.x","article-title":"Assessment of invasive growth pattern and lymphocytic infiltration in colorectal cancer.","volume":"28","author":"Jass","year":"1996","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1007\/s003840100309","article-title":"The prognostic inhomogeneity in pT3 rectal carcinomas.","volume":"16","author":"Merkel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b38","article-title":"Heterogeneity of pT3 colorectal carcinomas according to the depth of invasion [published online ahead of print January 27, 2009].","author":"Bori","journal-title":"Pathol Oncol Res"},{"key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/0471463744","volume-title":"TNM Supplement: A Commentary on Uniform Use. 3rd ed","author":"Wittekind","year":"2003"},{"key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b40","volume-title":"TNM Supplement: A Commentary on Uniform Use. 2nd ed","author":"Wittekind","year":"2001"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000205627.05769.08","article-title":"Extent of mesorectal tumor invasion as a prognostic factor after curative surgery for T3 rectal cancer patients.","volume":"243","author":"Miyoshi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-007-0222-9","article-title":"Pathologic determinants of survival after resection of T3N0 (stage IIA) colorectal cancer: proposal for a new prognostic model.","volume":"50","author":"Cianchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.5858\/2006-130-318-KIIRCC","article-title":"Key issues in reporting common cancer specimens: problems in pathologic staging of colon cancer.","volume":"130","author":"Compton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19891101)64:9<1937::AID-CNCR2820640929>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Colorectal adenomas containing invasive carcinoma: pathologic assessment of lymph node metastatic potential.","volume":"64","author":"Coverlizza","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-005-0063-3","article-title":"Histologic risk factors and clinical outcome in colorectal malignant polyp: a pooled-data analysis.","volume":"48","author":"Hassan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b46","first-page":"660","article-title":"Reliability in the classification of advanced colorectal adenomas.","volume":"11","author":"Terry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2007.08.012","article-title":"Pathology of colorectal cancer.","volume":"19","author":"Treanor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2007.09.007","article-title":"Q&A on diagnosis, screening and follow-up of colorectal neoplasia.","volume":"40","author":"Hassan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.04.022","article-title":"Risk factors for an adverse outcome in early invasive colorectal carcinoma.","volume":"127","author":"Ueno","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800721330","article-title":"Histological criteria for local excision.","volume":"72","author":"Morson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1010369","article-title":"The rationale for current practice in the management of malignant colonic polyps.","volume":"25","author":"Williams","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(98)90385-9","article-title":"Pathology of the malignant colorectal polyp.","volume":"29","author":"Cooper","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(20000401)88:7<1739::AID-CNCR30>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"American Joint Committee on Cancer Prognostic Factors Consensus Conference: Colorectal Working Group.","volume":"88","author":"Compton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(85)90333-6","article-title":"Prognostic factors in colorectal carcinomas arising in adenomas: implications for lesions removed by endoscopic polypectomy.","volume":"89","author":"Haggitt","year":"1985","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02049154","article-title":"Management of early invasive colorectal cancer: risk of recurrence and clinical guidelines.","volume":"38","author":"Kikuchi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e31817ec2cd","article-title":"Intramucosal poorly differentiated colorectal carcinoma: can it be managed conservatively?","volume":"32","author":"Shia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.20024","article-title":"Histopathologic examination of axillary sentinel lymph nodes in breast carcinoma patients.","volume":"85","author":"Viale","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.55.1.17","article-title":"Conclusions from a study of venous invasion in stage IV colorectal adenocarcinoma.","volume":"55","author":"Sternberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800670619","article-title":"The clinical significance of invasion of veins by rectal cancer.","volume":"67","author":"Talbot","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6147-7","article-title":"Risk of lymph node metastasis in T1 carcinoma of the colon and rectum.","volume":"45","author":"Nascimbeni","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(07)70185-7","article-title":"Current TNM staging of colorectal cancer.","volume":"8","author":"Greene","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/ssu.10017","article-title":"TNM, sixth edition: new developments in general concepts and rules.","volume":"21","author":"Sobin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"24","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8653","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-05-1464","article-title":"Inclusion of vasculature-related variables in the Dukes staging system of colon cancer.","volume":"11","author":"Koukourakis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19990901)86:5<782::AID-CNCR13>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Validation of a new classification system for curatively resected colorectal adenocarcinoma.","volume":"86","author":"Sternberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s10434-999-0161-x","article-title":"New approach to the substaging of node-positive colorectal adenocarcinoma.","volume":"6","author":"Sternberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10434-999-0129-x","article-title":"Blood vessel invasion in colorectal cancer\u2014an alternative to TNM staging?","volume":"6","author":"Minsky","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02562132","article-title":"The clinical significance of vascular invasion in colorectal cancer.","volume":"32","author":"Minsky","year":"1989","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1981.tb01774.x","article-title":"Invasion of veins by carcinoma of rectum: method of detection, histological features and significance.","volume":"5","author":"Talbot","year":"1981","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-007-9021-6","article-title":"Vascular invasion is underrecognized in colorectal cancer using conventional hematoxylin and eosin staining.","volume":"50","author":"Kingston","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2003.015826","article-title":"The value of an elastic tissue stain in detecting venous invasion in colorectal cancer.","volume":"57","author":"Vass","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2004.023333","article-title":"Detection of venous invasion in surgical specimens of colorectal carcinoma: the efficacy of various types of tissue blocks.","volume":"59","author":"Sternberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2006.02533.x","article-title":"Routine elastic staining assists detection of vascular invasion in colorectal cancer.","volume":"49","author":"Abdulkader","year":"2006","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02053336","article-title":"Vascular invasion of colorectal carcinoma readily visible with certain stains.","volume":"35","author":"Inoue","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-006-9189-3","article-title":"Prognostic significance of immunohistochemically detected blood and lymphatic vessel invasion in colorectal carcinoma: its impact on prognosis.","volume":"14","author":"Liang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.34.5.509","article-title":"Histopathology reporting in large bowel cancer.","volume":"34","author":"Blenkinsopp","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(96)90319-6","article-title":"Incidence of extramural venous invasion in colorectal carcinoma: findings with a new technique.","volume":"27","author":"Dirschmid","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6290-1","article-title":"Discontinuous rectal cancer spread in the mesorectum and the optimal distal clearance margin in situ.","volume":"45","author":"Ono","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800791","article-title":"Pathological assessment of pericolonic tumor deposits in advanced colonic carcinoma: relevance to prognosis and tumor staging.","volume":"20","author":"Puppa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2007.02720.x","article-title":"Colorectal tumour deposits in the mesorectum and pericolon: a critical review.","volume":"51","author":"Nagtegaal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02388217","article-title":"Clinical significance of extrabowel skipped cancer infiltration in rectal cancer.","volume":"27","author":"Ueno","year":"1997","journal-title":"Surg Today"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(20000515)88:10<2228::AID-CNCR5>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Pericolonic tumor deposits in patients with T3N+MO colon adenocarcinomas: markers of reduced disease free survival and intra-abdominal metastases and their implications for TNM classification.","volume":"88","author":"Goldstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-004-2950-y","article-title":"A clinicopathological investigation of \u201ctumor nodules\u201d in colorectal cancer.","volume":"35","author":"Tateishi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Surg Today"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6288-8","article-title":"Mesorectal microfoci adversely affect the prognosis of patients with rectal cancer.","volume":"45","author":"Ratto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b84","first-page":"69A","article-title":"Nature and significance of nodular metastases of colonic carcinoma in pericolonic fat [abstract].","volume":"8","author":"Stiles","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23136","article-title":"Prognostic significance of mesenteric tumor nodules in patients with stage III colorectal cancer.","volume":"112","author":"Lo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1309\/903UT10VQ3LC7B8L","article-title":"Extramural cancer deposits without nodal structure in colorectal cancer: optimal categorization for prognostic staging.","volume":"127","author":"Ueno","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2008.198","article-title":"Tumor deposits are encountered in advanced colorectal cancer and other adenocarcinomas: an expanded classification with implications for colorectal cancer staging system including a unifying concept of in-transit metastases.","volume":"22","author":"Puppa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Colon and rectum.","author":"Compton","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-2080-4_14"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(97)70119-7","article-title":"The prognostic importance of peritoneal involvement in colonic cancer: a prospective evaluation.","volume":"112","author":"Shepherd","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2006.01136.x","article-title":"The significance of involvement of a free serosal surface for recurrence and survival following resection of clinicopathological stage B and C rectal cancer.","volume":"9","author":"Keshava","year":"2007","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02049148","article-title":"Extended resections are beneficial for patients with locally advanced colorectal cancer.","volume":"38","author":"Izbicki","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.21165","article-title":"Contiguous invasion per se does not affect prognosis in colon cancer.","volume":"99","author":"Oh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b93","article-title":"Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with primary carcinomas of the colon and rectum.","author":"Washington"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.5858\/2008-132-1182-PFTEOS","article-title":"Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with primary carcinomas of the colon and rectum.","volume":"132","author":"Washington","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2005.02189.x","article-title":"Serosal involvement in gastrointestinal cancer: its assessment and significance.","volume":"47","author":"Ludeman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2006.02498.x","article-title":"Serosal involvement in colorectal carcinoma.","volume":"49","author":"Stewart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20011201)92:11<2754::AID-CNCR10083>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"The prognostic inhomogeneity of colorectal carcinomas Stage III: a proposal for subdivision of Stage III.","volume":"92","author":"Merkel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200210000-00003","article-title":"A new TNM staging strategy for node-positive (stage III) colon cancer: an analysis of 50,042 patients.","volume":"236","author":"Greene","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2004.09.037","article-title":"Metastatic lymph node size and colorectal cancer prognosis.","volume":"200","author":"Dhar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2002.20.6.1506","article-title":"Volume of lymphatic metastases does not independently influence prognosis in colorectal cancer.","volume":"20","author":"Wong","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000189182.92815.12","article-title":"Extracapsular lymph node involvement in node-positive patients with adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus or gastroesophageal junction.","volume":"30","author":"Lagarde","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2005.01.007","article-title":"Evaluation of prognostic significance in extracapsular spread of lymph node metastasis in patients with gastric cancer.","volume":"137","author":"Nakamura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02234464","article-title":"Identification of extracapsular invasion of the metastatic lymph nodes as a useful prognostic sign in patients with resectable colorectal cancer.","volume":"44","author":"Komuta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200108000-00008","article-title":"Prognostic determinants of patients with lateral nodal involvement by rectal cancer.","volume":"234","author":"Ueno","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02252994","article-title":"Prognostic significance of location of lymph node metastases in colorectal cancer.","volume":"35","author":"Shida","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19940415)73:8<2076::AID-CNCR2820730811>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Pathologic determinants of survival associated with colorectal cancer with lymph node metastases: a multivariate analysis of 579 patients.","volume":"73","author":"Newland","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b107","first-page":"611","article-title":"Comparison between the Japanese general rules and the TNM system in the regional lymph node classification of carcinoma of the colon.","volume":"183","author":"Hida","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2003.12.002","article-title":"The clinicopathological significance of inferior mesenteric lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer.","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-003-0004-y","article-title":"Colorectal cancer staging: reappraisal of N\/PN classification.","volume":"47","author":"Vaccaro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02554180","article-title":"Prognostic factors in rectal carcinoma: a contribution to the further development of tumor classification.","volume":"32","author":"Hermanek","year":"1989","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s004230050187","article-title":"Actual standards and controversies on operative technique and lymph-node dissection in colorectal cancer.","volume":"384","author":"Bruch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Langenbecks Arch Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(02)00046-1","article-title":"Patterns of lymphatic spread in rectal cancer: a topographical analysis on lymph node metastases.","volume":"38","author":"Steup","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.4975","article-title":"Incidence and prognostic significance of lateral lymph node metastasis in patients with advanced low rectal cancer.","volume":"92","author":"Ueno","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.5327","article-title":"Survival benefit of high ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery in sigmoid colon or rectal cancer surgery.","volume":"93","author":"Kanemitsu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02469505","article-title":"General rules for clinical and pathological studies on cancer of the colon, rectum and anus, part I: clinical classification.","volume":"13","author":"Japanese Research Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum","year":"1983","journal-title":"Jpn J Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.07.015","article-title":"New tumor-node-metastasis staging strategy for node-positive (stage III) rectal cancer: an analysis.","volume":"22","author":"Greene","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2006.04.023","article-title":"Incidence and prognostic significance of occult tumor cells in lymph nodes from patients with stage IIA colorectal carcinoma.","volume":"37","author":"Messerini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2004.018002","article-title":"Histopathological assessment of lymph nodes in colorectal carcinoma: does triple levelling detect significantly more metastases?","volume":"57","author":"Verrill","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/106.2.209","article-title":"Lymph node recovery from colorectal resection specimens removed for adenocarcinoma: trends over time and a recommendation for a minimum number of lymph nodes to be recovered.","volume":"106","author":"Goldstein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-007-0119-x","article-title":"The prognostic significance of total lymph node harvest in patients with T2-4N0M0 colorectal cancer.","volume":"11","author":"Tsai","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200202000-00004","article-title":"Lymph node recoveries from 2427 pT3 colorectal resection specimens spanning 45 years: recommendations for a minimum number of recovered lymph nodes based on predictive probabilities.","volume":"26","author":"Goldstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-006-0691-2","article-title":"A national study on lymph node retrieval in resectional surgery for colorectal cancer.","volume":"49","author":"Tekkis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b123","article-title":"National Quality Forum endorses consensus standards for diagnosis and treatment of breast and colorectal cancer."},{"issue":"10","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-007-9024-3","article-title":"Number and size of lymph nodes recovered from dukes B rectal cancers: correlation with prognosis and histologic antitumor immune response.","volume":"50","author":"Murphy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2004.10.010","article-title":"Number of lymph nodes examined and prognosis of TNM stage II colorectal cancer.","volume":"41","author":"Sarli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"issue":"22","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3570","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.06.8866","article-title":"Increasing negative lymph node count is independently associated with improved long-term survival in stage IIIB and IIIC colon cancer.","volume":"24","author":"Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djk092","article-title":"Lymph node evaluation and survival after curative resection of colon cancer: systematic review.","volume":"99","author":"Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"18","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.11.0445","article-title":"Identifying stage III colorectal cancer patients: the influence of the patient, surgeon, and pathologist.","volume":"25","author":"Morris","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20478","article-title":"Hospital-to-hospital variation in lymph node detection after colorectal resection.","volume":"101","author":"Miller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31818a157d","article-title":"Surgeon volume does not predict outcomes in the setting of technical credentialing: results from a randomized trial in colon cancer.","volume":"248","author":"Larson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480807401013","article-title":"The impact of hospital volume on the number of nodes retrieved and outcome in colorectal cancer.","volume":"74","author":"Truong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.09.2304","article-title":"Quality of pathology reporting impacts on lymph node yield in colon cancer.","volume":"25","author":"Rieger","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800071","article-title":"Efficacy of manual dissection of lymph nodes in colon cancer resections.","volume":"17","author":"Brown","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800824","article-title":"Methylene blue injection into the rectal artery as a simple method to improve lymph node harvest in rectal cancer.","volume":"20","author":"Markl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"34","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8706","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.02.8852","article-title":"Colon cancer survival is associated with decreasing ratio of metastatic to examined lymph nodes.","volume":"23","author":"Berger","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-006-9322-3","article-title":"Prognostic significance of metastatic lymph node ratio in node-positive colon carcinoma.","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31818842ec","article-title":"The ratio of metastatic to examined lymph nodes is a powerful independent prognostic factor in rectal cancer.","volume":"248","author":"Peschaud","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3118","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-008-0123-8","article-title":"Prognostic significance of the metastatic lymph node ratio in node-positive rectal cancer.","volume":"15","author":"Peng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e318190eddc","article-title":"Prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer is associated with lymph node ratio: a single-center analysis of 3026 patients over a 25-year time period.","volume":"248","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603690","article-title":"Independent prognostic value of fascin immunoreactivity in stage III-IV colonic adenocarcinoma.","volume":"96","author":"Puppa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"18","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.05.8404","article-title":"Downstaging or downsizing: time for a new staging system in advanced colorectal cancer?","volume":"24","author":"Poston","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"43","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6961","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i43.6961","article-title":"Proposal of a new and simple staging system of colorectal liver metastasis.","volume":"12","author":"Nagashima","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"29","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4828","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.17.6453","article-title":"Urgent need for a new staging system in advanced colorectal cancer.","volume":"26","author":"Poston","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31818a07f1","article-title":"R1 resection by necessity for colorectal liver metastases: is it still a contraindication to surgery?","volume":"248","author":"de Haas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"13","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.05.4825","article-title":"Combinations of tumor and treatment parameters are more discriminative for prognosis than the present TNM system in rectal cancer.","volume":"25","author":"Nagtegaal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2006.02543.x","article-title":"Reporting colorectal cancer.","volume":"50","author":"Quirke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3528","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.3528","article-title":"Capecitabine, oxaliplatin, radiotherapy, and excision (CORE) in patients with MRI-defined locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma: results of an international multicenter phase II study [abstract].","volume":"24","author":"Rutten","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2005.02176.x","article-title":"Pathological response following long-course neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer.","volume":"47","author":"Ryan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2680","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19940601)73:11<2680::AID-CNCR2820731105>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Pathologic assessment of tumor regression after preoperative chemoradiotherapy of esophageal carcinoma: clinicopathologic correlations.","volume":"73","author":"Mandard","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s003840050072","article-title":"Pathological features of rectal cancer after preoperative radiochemotherapy.","volume":"12","author":"Dworak","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10327","article-title":"Importance of tumor regression assessment in predicting the outcome in patients with locally advanced rectal carcinoma who are treated with preoperative radiotherapy.","volume":"94","author":"Bouzourene","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2007.01424.x","article-title":"Pathologic response assessed by Mandard grade is a better prognostic factor than down staging for disease-free survival after preoperative radiochemotherapy for advanced rectal cancer.","volume":"10","author":"Suarez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"34","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8688","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.02.1329","article-title":"Prognostic significance of tumor regression after preoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer.","volume":"23","author":"Rodel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-005-0061-x","article-title":"Prognostic value of Dworak grade of regression (GR) in patients with rectal carcinoma treated with preoperative radiochemotherapy.","volume":"21","author":"Losi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23516","article-title":"Pathologic stage is most prognostic of disease-free survival in locally advanced rectal cancer patients after preoperative chemoradiation.","volume":"113","author":"Quah","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-0681-1","article-title":"Complete pathologic response following preoperative chemoradiation therapy for middle to lower rectal cancer is not a prognostic factor for a better outcome.","volume":"47","author":"Pucciarelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"22, pt 1","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6617","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-1197","article-title":"Circumferential margin involvement is the crucial prognostic factor after multimodality treatment in patients with locally advanced rectal carcinoma.","volume":"13","author":"Gosens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"13","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.12.7704","article-title":"Prognostic implications of the distribution of lymph node metastases in rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.","volume":"26","author":"Leibold","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.137.2.206","article-title":"Effect of preoperative radiochemotherapy on lymph node retrieval after resection of rectal cancer.","volume":"137","author":"Wichmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20808","article-title":"On the use and abuse of X in the TNM classification.","volume":"103","author":"Greene","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdl386","article-title":"Importance of histological tumor response assessment in predicting the outcome in patients with colorectal liver metastases treated with neo-adjuvant chemotherapy followed by liver surgery.","volume":"18","author":"Rubbia-Brandt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"33","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5344","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.17.5299","article-title":"Pathologic response to preoperative chemotherapy: a new outcome end point after resection of hepatic colorectal metastases.","volume":"26","author":"Blazer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10492","article-title":"TNM residual tumor classification revisited.","volume":"94","author":"Wittekind","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200203000-00009","article-title":"Circumferential margin involvement is still an important predictor of local recurrence in rectal carcinoma: not one millimeter but two millimeters is the limit.","volume":"26","author":"Nagtegaal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.12.7027","article-title":"What is the role for the circumferential margin in the modern treatment of rectal cancer?","volume":"26","author":"Nagtegaal","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"8514","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)92612-7","article-title":"Local recurrence of rectal adenocarcinoma due to inadequate surgical resection: histopathological study of lateral tumour spread and surgical excision.","volume":"2","author":"Quirke","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0007-1323.2001.02024.x","article-title":"Prognostic significance of the circumferential resection margin following total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer.","volume":"89","author":"Wibe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-002-0468-6","article-title":"The pathological assessment of mesorectal excision: implications for further treatment and quality management.","volume":"18","author":"Hermanek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2002.07.010","article-title":"Macroscopic evaluation of rectal cancer resection specimen: clinical significance of the pathologist in quality control.","volume":"20","author":"Nagtegaal","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2007.01365.x","article-title":"Retroperitoneal margin involvement by adenocarcinoma of the caecum and ascending colon: what does it mean?","volume":"10","author":"Scott","year":"2008","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2004.019802","article-title":"The retroperitoneal surface in distal caecal and proximal ascending colon carcinoma: the Cinderella surgical margin?","volume":"58","author":"Bateman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.10.002","article-title":"The multidisciplinary management of gastrointestinal cancer: the use of molecular markers in the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer.","volume":"21","author":"Tejpar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b173","article-title":"NCCN updates guidelines for colorectal cancer."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.01.086","article-title":"Systematic review of microsatellite instability and colorectal cancer prognosis.","volume":"23","author":"Popat","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"15","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.03.2433","article-title":"Immunohistochemical test for MLH1 and MSH2 expression predicts clinical outcome in stage II and III colorectal cancer patients.","volume":"24","author":"Lanza","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3816\/CCC.2006.n.019","article-title":"Does biomolecular characterization of stage II\/III colorectal cancer have any prognostic value?","volume":"6","author":"Funaioli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Colorectal Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1159\/000107417","article-title":"Mismatch repair status is a predictive factor of tumour response to 5-fluorouracil and irinotecan chemotherapy in patients with advanced colorectal cancer.","volume":"28","author":"Bendardaf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tumour Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2008.07.016","article-title":"The efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer depends on the mismatch repair status.","volume":"45","author":"Jover","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suronc.2007.10.039","article-title":"Molecular heterogeneity of colorectal cancer: implications for cancer control.","volume":"16","author":"Jass","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2008.10.006","article-title":"Gene expression profiling in colorectal cancer using microarray technologies: results and perspectives.","volume":"35","author":"Nannini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"issue":"49","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19432","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806674105","article-title":"A genomic approach to colon cancer risk stratification yields biologic insights into therapeutic opportunities.","volume":"105","author":"Garman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e318142d918","article-title":"Prognostic significance of multiple molecular markers for patients with stage II colorectal cancer undergoing curative resection.","volume":"246","author":"Uen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.155473","article-title":"CpG island methylator phenotype, microsatellite instability, BRAF mutation and clinical outcome in colon cancer.","volume":"58","author":"Ogino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"17","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5082","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-0597","article-title":"Classification based on the combination of molecular and pathologic predictors is superior to molecular classification on prognosis in colorectal carcinoma.","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23208","article-title":"Multimarker phenotype predicts adverse survival in patients with lymph node-negative colorectal cancer.","volume":"112","author":"Zlobec","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3798","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-5103","article-title":"RHAMM, p21 combined phenotype identifies microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancers with a highly adverse prognosis.","volume":"14","author":"Zlobec","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2006.02549.x","article-title":"Classification of colorectal cancer based on correlation of clinical, morphological and molecular features.","volume":"50","author":"Jass","year":"2007","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021021103412448300_i1543-2165-134-6-837-b188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-1380","article-title":"Node-negative colorectal cancer at high risk of distant metastasis identified by combined analysis of lymph node status, vascular invasion, and Raf-1 kinase inhibitor protein expression.","volume":"14","author":"Zlobec","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"}],"container-title":["Archives of Pathology &amp; Laboratory Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/aplm\/article-pdf\/134\/6\/837\/2769925\/1543-2165-134_6_837.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/aplm\/article-pdf\/134\/6\/837\/2769925\/1543-2165-134_6_837.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T19:35:58Z","timestamp":1764790558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aplm.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/arpa\/134\/6\/article-p837.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,1]]},"references-count":188,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5858\/134.6.837","relation":{},"ISSN":["1543-2165","0003-9985"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1543-2165","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0003-9985","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,1]]}}}