{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T02:07:11Z","timestamp":1794449231437,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objectives.<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014Gynecomastia-like changes of the female breast are only sparsely reported and are not well defined in the literature to our knowledge. Our objectives were to determine the incidence, clinical presentation, mammographic findings, and the medical background of patients with these changes.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Design.<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014Two thousand seven hundred nine female breast surgical cases from 1995 to 1999 were searched by SNOMED. Three observers further reviewed all cases with gynecomastia-like changes. Strict criteria were developed and cases that fulfilled the criteria were analyzed further.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014We found the incidence of female gynecomastia-like changes to be 0.15% (4\/2709) of all female breast lesions, which represents an underestimation. Patients were usually young and had an average age of 32 years. The usual clinical presentation was a palpable mass with a size ranging from about 3.5 \u00d7 2 \u00d7 2 cm to 5 \u00d7 4 \u00d7 2.5 cm. Mammography showed either negative findings or a nonspecific density. Gross examination of these specimens revealed no distinct lesions. Histologically, the lesions consisted of ductal hyperplasia with periductal stromal fibrosis or edema. They were associated with fibrocystic changes in the adjacent breast. The patients had no significant medical history.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusion.<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014We propose that the gynecomastia-like change is a specific benign entity within the spectrum of benign fibrocystic changes and that it usually occurs in young patients.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5858\/2001-125-0506-glcotf","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T11:10:27Z","timestamp":1612955427000},"page":"506-509","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Gynecomastia-like Changes of the Female Breast"],"prefix":"10.5858","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Yong","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pathology, Monmouth Medical Center, Long Branch, NJ. Dr Wile is now at Legacy Emanuel Hospital, Portland, Ore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Wile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pathology, Monmouth Medical Center, Long Branch, NJ. Dr Wile is now at Legacy Emanuel Hospital, Portland, Ore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Schinella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reprints: Roger Schinella, MD, Department of Pathology, Monmouth Medical Center, 300 Second Ave, Long Branch, NJ 07740."},{"name":"From the Department of Pathology, Monmouth Medical Center, Long Branch, NJ. Dr Wile is now at Legacy Emanuel Hospital, Portland, Ore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3906","reference":[{"key":"i1543-2165-125-4-506-b1","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"449","article-title":"Gynecomastia in adolescent boys.","volume":"178","author":"Nydick, M.","year":"1961","unstructured":"Nydick, M., J.Bustos, J. H. JrDale, and R. W.Rawson. Gynecomastia in adolescent boys.JAMA1961. 178:449\u2013454."},{"key":"i1543-2165-125-4-506-b2","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"338","article-title":"Gynecomastia as a physical finding in normal men.","volume":"48","author":"Nuttall, F. Q.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Nuttall, F. Q.\n          \n          Gynecomastia as a physical finding in normal men.\n          J Clin Endocrinol Metab\n          1979. 48:338\u2013340."},{"key":"i1543-2165-125-4-506-b3","first-page":"611","article-title":"Rosen's Breast Pathology.","author":"Rosen, P. P.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rosen, P. P.\n          \n          Rosen's Breast Pathology.\n          Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott-Raven. 1997. 611\u2013613."},{"key":"i1543-2165-125-4-506-b4","first-page":"350","article-title":"Tumors of the Mammary Gland.","author":"Rosen, P. P.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rosen, P. P. and H. A.Oberman. Tumors of the Mammary Gland.Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. 1993. 350\u2013352. Atlas of Tumor Pathology; 3rd series, fascicle 7."},{"key":"i1543-2165-125-4-506-b5","first-page":"130","article-title":"Pathology of the Breast.","author":"Tavassoli, F. A.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Tavassoli, F. A.\n          \n          Pathology of the Breast.\n          Stamford, Conn: Appleton & Lange. 1992. 130\u2013132."},{"key":"i1543-2165-125-4-506-b6","first-page":"365","article-title":"Diagnostic Surgical Pathology.","author":"Millis, R. R.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Millis, R. R., A. M.Hanby, and A. C.Girling. The breast. In: Sternberg SS, ed. Diagnostic Surgical Pathology.3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;. 1999. 365\u2013366."},{"key":"i1543-2165-125-4-506-b7","first-page":"1583","article-title":"Ackerman's Surgical Pathology.","author":"Rosai, J.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rosai, J.\n          \n          Ackerman's Surgical Pathology.\n          8th ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby. 1996. 1583\u20131587."},{"key":"i1543-2165-125-4-506-b8","series-title":"Prog Surg Pathol","first-page":"101","article-title":"Micro-papillary hyperplasia with atypical features in female breast, resembling gynecomastia.","volume":"10","author":"Tham, K.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Tham, K., W. D.Dupont, D. L.Page, G. F.Gary, and L. W.Rogers. Micro-papillary hyperplasia with atypical features in female breast, resembling gynecomastia.Prog Surg Pathol1989. 10:101\u2013110."},{"key":"i1543-2165-125-4-506-b9","series-title":"Curr Ther Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"401","article-title":"Gynecomastia.","volume":"6","author":"Braunstein, G. D.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Braunstein, G. D. and H. A.Glassman. Gynecomastia.Curr Ther Endocrinol Metab1997. 6:401\u2013404."},{"key":"i1543-2165-125-4-506-b1","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"449","article-title":"Gynecomastia in adolescent boys.","volume":"178","author":"Nydick, M.","year":"1961","unstructured":"Nydick, M., J.Bustos, J. H. JrDale, and R. W.Rawson. Gynecomastia in adolescent boys.JAMA1961. 178:449\u2013454."},{"key":"i1543-2165-125-4-506-b2","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"338","article-title":"Gynecomastia as a physical finding in normal men.","volume":"48","author":"Nuttall, F. Q.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Nuttall, F. Q.\n          \n          Gynecomastia as a physical finding in normal men.\n          J Clin Endocrinol Metab\n          1979. 48:338\u2013340."},{"key":"i1543-2165-125-4-506-b3","first-page":"611","article-title":"Rosen's Breast Pathology.","author":"Rosen, P. P.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rosen, P. P.\n          \n          Rosen's Breast Pathology.\n          Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott-Raven. 1997. 611\u2013613."},{"key":"i1543-2165-125-4-506-b4","first-page":"350","article-title":"Tumors of the Mammary Gland.","author":"Rosen, P. P.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rosen, P. P. and H. A.Oberman. Tumors of the Mammary Gland.Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. 1993. 350\u2013352. Atlas of Tumor Pathology; 3rd series, fascicle 7."},{"key":"i1543-2165-125-4-506-b5","first-page":"130","article-title":"Pathology of the Breast.","author":"Tavassoli, F. A.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Tavassoli, F. A.\n          \n          Pathology of the Breast.\n          Stamford, Conn: Appleton & Lange. 1992. 130\u2013132."},{"key":"i1543-2165-125-4-506-b6","first-page":"365","article-title":"Diagnostic Surgical Pathology.","author":"Millis, R. R.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Millis, R. R., A. M.Hanby, and A. C.Girling. The breast. In: Sternberg SS, ed. Diagnostic Surgical Pathology.3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;. 1999. 365\u2013366."},{"key":"i1543-2165-125-4-506-b7","first-page":"1583","article-title":"Ackerman's Surgical Pathology.","author":"Rosai, J.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rosai, J.\n          \n          Ackerman's Surgical Pathology.\n          8th ed. 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