{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T14:22:55Z","timestamp":1785680575453,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Context<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\u2014Carcinoid tumors are classified according to their site of origin into foregut, midgut, or hindgut carcinoids, which have different presentations and prognosis. The intestinal transcription factor CDX2 has been found to be expressed in most intestinal adenocarcinomas but in less than one half of the gastrointestinal carcinoids according to 1 study.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\u2014To determine whether CDX2 expression in carcinoid tumors varies by the site of origin and whether CDX2 expression is retained in metastatic disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Design<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\u2014Sections of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue from 36 primary carcinoid tumors and 5 cases of metastatic carcinoid to the liver were immunohistochemically stained for CDX2. The percent of cells with nuclear immunoreactivity and the intensity of staining were assessed.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\u2014All 18 foregut carcinoids (10 pulmonary and 8 gastric) were negative (0%) for CDX2. All 11 midgut carcinoids (100%) were positive for CDX2 with moderate to strong staining in more than 50% of the cells. Only 2 (29%) of 7 of hindgut carcinoids were CDX2-positive with the 2 positive cases showing weak to moderate staining intensity in less than 10% of the cells. Expression of CDX2 in more than 50% of tumor cells was seen only in midgut carcinoids (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .001). CDX2 expression in metastatic tumors was consistent with the site of origin.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\u2014Midgut carcinoid tumors and their metastases are distinct from foregut and hindgut carcinoids in that they express high levels of CDX2. Additional studies are needed to determine whether CDX2 immunostaining may be helpful in determining the primary site of metastatic carcinoid tumors of unknown origin.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5858\/2006-130-1522-eotitf","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T09:21:30Z","timestamp":1613035290000},"page":"1522-1526","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Expression of the Intestinal Transcription Factor CDX2 in Carcinoid Tumors Is a Marker of Midgut Origin"],"prefix":"10.5858","volume":"130","author":[{"given":"Ian M.","family":"Jaffee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, and The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Tex"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdis","family":"Rahmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, and The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Tex"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria G.","family":"Singhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, and The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Tex"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamoun","family":"Younes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, and The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Tex"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3906","reference":[{"key":"i1543-2165-130-10-1522-b1","series-title":"Acta Oncol","first-page":"672","article-title":"Carcinoid: a comprehensive review.","volume":"42","author":"Schnirer, I. 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R.\n          \n          Immunohistology of neuroendocrine and neuroectodermal tumors.\n          Semin Diagn Pathol\n          2000. 17:194\u2013203."},{"key":"i1543-2165-130-10-1522-b4","series-title":"Hum Pathol","first-page":"992","article-title":"Immunohistologic analysis of gastrointestinal and pulmonary carcinoid tumors.","volume":"29","author":"Al-Khafaji, B.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Al-Khafaji, B., A. E.Noffsinger, and M. A.Miller. et al. Immunohistologic analysis of gastrointestinal and pulmonary carcinoid tumors.Hum Pathol1998. 29:992\u2013999."},{"key":"i1543-2165-130-10-1522-b5","series-title":"Acta Oncol","first-page":"469","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria of classical carcinoids.","volume":"30","author":"Wilander, E.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wilander, E., L.Scheibenpflug, and B.Eriksson. et al. Diagnostic criteria of classical carcinoids.Acta Oncol1991. 30:469\u2013475."},{"key":"i1543-2165-130-10-1522-b6","series-title":"Pathol Res Pract","first-page":"200","article-title":"Immunohistochemical evaluation of neuroendocrine cells and neoplasms of the lung.","volume":"183","author":"Gould, V. E.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gould, V. E., I.Lee, and W. H.Warren. Immunohistochemical evaluation of neuroendocrine cells and neoplasms of the lung.Pathol Res Pract1988. 183:200\u2013213."},{"key":"i1543-2165-130-10-1522-b7","series-title":"Adv Anat Pathol","first-page":"101","article-title":"CDX-2, a new marker for adenocarcinoma of gastrointestinal origin.","volume":"11","author":"Li, M. K.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Li, M. K. and A. L.Folpe. CDX-2, a new marker for adenocarcinoma of gastrointestinal origin.Adv Anat Pathol2004. 11:101\u2013105."},{"key":"i1543-2165-130-10-1522-b8","series-title":"Biochem Cell Biol","first-page":"957","article-title":"The Cdx-1 and Cdx-2 homeobox genes in the intestine.","volume":"76","author":"Fruend, J. N.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fruend, J. N., C.Domon-Dell, and M.Kedinger. et al. The Cdx-1 and Cdx-2 homeobox genes in the intestine.Biochem Cell Biol1998. 76:957\u2013969."},{"key":"i1543-2165-130-10-1522-b9","series-title":"Mol Cell Biol","first-page":"7340","article-title":"A homeodomain protein related to caudal regulates intestine-specific gene transcription.","volume":"14","author":"Suh, E.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Suh, E., L.Chen, and P. G.Traber. A homeodomain protein related to caudal regulates intestine-specific gene transcription.Mol Cell Biol1994. 14:7340\u20137351."},{"key":"i1543-2165-130-10-1522-b10","series-title":"Am J Surg Pathol","first-page":"303","article-title":"CDX2, a highly sensitive and specific marker of adenocarcinomas of intestinal origin.","volume":"27","author":"Werling, R. W.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Werling, R. W., H.Yaziji, and C. E.Bacchi. et al. CDX2, a highly sensitive and specific marker of adenocarcinomas of intestinal origin.Am J Surg Pathol2003. 27:303\u2013310."},{"key":"i1543-2165-130-10-1522-b11","series-title":"Am J Surg Pathol","first-page":"141","article-title":"CDX-2 homeobox gene expression is a reliable marker of colorectal adenocarcinoma metastases to the lungs.","volume":"27","author":"Barbareschi, M.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Barbareschi, M., B.Murer, and T. V.Colby. et al. CDX-2 homeobox gene expression is a reliable marker of colorectal adenocarcinoma metastases to the lungs.Am J Surg Pathol2003. 27:141\u2013149."},{"key":"i1543-2165-130-10-1522-b12","series-title":"Appl Immunohistochem","first-page":"256","article-title":"Microwave based antigenic unmasking: a revolutionary new technique for routine immunohistochemistry.","volume":"1","author":"Gown, A. M.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gown, A. M., N.de Wever, and H.Battifora. Microwave based antigenic unmasking: a revolutionary new technique for routine immunohistochemistry.Appl Immunohistochem1993. 1:256\u2013266."},{"key":"i1543-2165-130-10-1522-b13","series-title":"Ann Hum Genet","first-page":"393","article-title":"Cloning and chromosome assignment of the human CDX2 gene.","volume":"61","author":"Drummond, F.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Drummond, F., W.Putt, and M.Fox. et al. 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Cdx2 as a marker for neuroendocrine tumors of unknown primary sites.Endoc Pathol2004. 15:247\u2013252."},{"key":"i1543-2165-130-10-1522-b18","series-title":"Am J Clin Pathol","first-page":"394","article-title":"Usefulness of CDX2 and TTF-1 in differentiating gastrointestinal from pulmonary carcinoids.","volume":"123","author":"Saqi, A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Saqi, A., D.Alexis, and F.Remotti. et al. Usefulness of CDX2 and TTF-1 in differentiating gastrointestinal from pulmonary carcinoids.Am J Clin Pathol2005. 123:394\u2013404."},{"key":"i1543-2165-130-10-1522-b19","series-title":"Mod Pathol","first-page":"106A","article-title":"Diagnostic value of CDX-2 and TTF-1 expressions in separating metastatic neuroendocrine neoplasms of unknown origin [abstract].","volume":"17","author":"Lin, X.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lin, X., T.Luckasevic, and J. F.Silverman. et al. Diagnostic value of CDX-2 and TTF-1 expressions in separating metastatic neuroendocrine neoplasms of unknown origin [abstract].Mod Pathol2004. 17:106A."},{"key":"i1543-2165-130-10-1522-b20","series-title":"Mod Pathol","first-page":"106A","article-title":"Diagnostic value of CDX-2 expressions in endocrine neoplasms of gastrointestinal origin [abstract].","volume":"17","author":"Luckasevic, T. M.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Luckasevic, T. M., J. F.Silverman, and D.Medich. et al. Diagnostic value of CDX-2 expressions in endocrine neoplasms of gastrointestinal origin [abstract].Mod Pathol2004. 17:106A."},{"key":"i1543-2165-130-10-1522-b21","series-title":"Am J Clin Pathol","first-page":"625","article-title":"Prognostic significance of CDX-2 expression in gastrointestinal endocrine neoplasms [abstract].","volume":"122","author":"Saad, R. S.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Saad, R. S., T.Luckasevic, and D.Medich. et al. 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