{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:31:56Z","timestamp":1788305516462,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":182,"publisher":"Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Context.\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n                    The advent of molecular tools capable of subclassifying eosinophilia has changed the diagnostic and clinical approach to what was classically called hypereosinophilic syndrome.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objectives.\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n                    To review the etiologies of eosinophilia and to describe the current diagnostic approach to this abnormality.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Data Sources.\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n                    Literature review.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusions.\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n                    Eosinophilia is a common, hematologic abnormality with diverse etiologies. The underlying causes can be broadly divided into reactive, clonal, and idiopathic. Classically, many cases of eosinophilia were grouped together into the umbrella category of hypereosinophilic syndrome, a clinical diagnosis of exclusion. In recent years, an improved mechanistic understanding of many eosinophilias has revolutionized the way these disorders are understood, diagnosed, and treated. As a result, specific diagnoses can now be assigned in many cases that were previously defined as hypereosinophilic syndrome. Most notably, chromosomal rearrangements, such as\n                    <jats:italic>FIP1L1-PDGFRA<\/jats:italic>\n                    fusions caused by internal deletions in chromosome 4, are now known to be associated with many chronic eosinophilic leukemias. When present, these specific molecular abnormalities predict response to directed therapies. Although an improved molecular understanding is revolutionizing the treatment of patients with rare causes of eosinophilia, it has also complicated the approach to evaluating and treating eosinophilia. Here, we review causes of eosinophilia and present a framework by which the practicing pathologist may approach this diagnostic dilemma. Finally, we consider recent cases as clinical examples of eosinophilia from a single institution, demonstrating the diversity of etiologies that must be considered.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2011-0597-ra","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,31]],"date-time":"2013-01-31T13:59:27Z","timestamp":1359640767000},"page":"259-269","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Diagnostic Complexities of Eosinophilia"],"prefix":"10.5858","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Nathan D.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Hematopathology (Drs Montgomery, Dunphy, Laramore, and Fedoriw); and Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology (Drs Mooberry, Foster, and Park), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cherie H.","family":"Dunphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Hematopathology (Drs Montgomery, Dunphy, Laramore, and Fedoriw); and Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology (Drs Mooberry, Foster, and Park), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micah","family":"Mooberry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Hematopathology (Drs Montgomery, Dunphy, Laramore, and Fedoriw); and Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology (Drs Mooberry, Foster, and Park), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Laramore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Hematopathology (Drs Montgomery, Dunphy, Laramore, and Fedoriw); and Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology (Drs Mooberry, Foster, and Park), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Hematopathology (Drs Montgomery, Dunphy, Laramore, and Fedoriw); and Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology (Drs Mooberry, Foster, and Park), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven I.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Hematopathology (Drs Montgomery, Dunphy, Laramore, and Fedoriw); and Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology (Drs Mooberry, Foster, and Park), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuri D.","family":"Fedoriw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Hematopathology (Drs Montgomery, Dunphy, Laramore, and Fedoriw); and Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology (Drs Mooberry, Foster, and Park), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3906","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-259-b01","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","first-page":"1220","article-title":"The hypereosinophilic syndromes","volume":"68","author":"Hardy\n              WR,","year":"1968;","unstructured":"Hardy\n              WR, \n            \n              Anderson\n              RE. \n          \n          The hypereosinophilic syndromes. 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N Engl J Med. 1999;340(9):692\u2013702."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-259-b21","series-title":"Blood","first-page":"2879","article-title":"The FIP1L1-PDGFR\u03b1 fusion tyrosine kinase in hypereosinophilic syndrome and chronic eosinophilic leukemia: implications for diagnosis, classification, and management","volume":"103","author":"Gotlib\n              J,","year":"2004;","unstructured":"Gotlib\n              J, \n            \n              Cools\n              J, \n            \n              Malone\n              JM\n              III, \n            \n              Schrier\n              SL, \n            \n              Gilliland\n              DG, \n            \n              Coutr\u00e9\n              SE. \n          \n          The FIP1L1-PDGFR\u03b1 fusion tyrosine kinase in hypereosinophilic syndrome and chronic eosinophilic leukemia: implications for diagnosis, classification, and management. 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Incidence and clinical importance of bone marrow eosinophilia in Hodgkin's disease (BNLI report no 29): British National Lymphoma Investigation","volume":"40","author":"Macintyre\n              EA.","year":"1987;","unstructured":"Macintyre\n              EA. \n          \n          Vaughan Hudson B , Vaughan Hudson G , Jelliffe AM , Linch DC . Incidence and clinical importance of bone marrow eosinophilia in Hodgkin's disease (BNLI report no 29): British National Lymphoma Investigation. 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