{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:33:56Z","timestamp":1793424836851,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"\n Context.\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n Ureteroscopic biopsy is the gold standard for the histopathologic diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Objective.\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n To assess the accuracy of endoscopically obtained biopsy samples in diagnosing, grading, and staging urothelial carcinoma and correlate diagnostic findings to biopsy sample size.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Design.\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n We retrospectively reviewed endoscopic biopsies of the ureter, renal pelvis, and ureteropelvic junction from 2008 to 2011. Biopsy diagnoses that were discordant with follow-up pathology and\/or ureteroscopic impression were rereviewed and samples were immunohistochemically analyzed.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Results.\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n Endoscopic biopsies (n = 118) yielded a sensitivity of 85.4% for the ureter (n = 79), 77.8% for the renal pelvis (n = 37), and 100% for the ureteropelvic junction (n = 2). A specificity of 100% for all locations and a diagnostic accuracy of 98.3% were identified. The median sample size was 0.3 cm for true positives, 0.3 cm for true negatives, and 0.2 cm for false negatives with no statistical significance. We found that 87.1% of tumors diagnosed on biopsy had concordant grade and 60.0% had concordant pT stage with follow-up surgical resections (n = 43) and biopsies (n = 24). Biopsy samples with concordant tumor grades (mean = 0.6 cm) compared with follow-up resection were larger than biopsy samples with discordant grades (mean = 0.3 cm) (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .04).\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusions.\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n Though highly specific, endoscopic biopsy does provide a significant false-negative rate owing to both sampling and diagnostic errors when assessing the upper urinary tract for urothelial carcinoma. Tumor grading is accurate, particularly with larger tissue samples, but tumor staging is unreliable.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2012-0136-oa","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]],"date-time":"2013-03-01T16:02:14Z","timestamp":1362153734000},"page":"400-407","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Utility and Diagnostic Accuracy of Ureteroscopic Biopsy in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.5858","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Vishal","family":"Vashistha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Pathology (Dr Zynger and Mr Vashistha) and Urology (Dr Shabsigh), The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Shabsigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Pathology (Dr Zynger and Mr Vashistha) and Urology (Dr Shabsigh), The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra L.","family":"Zynger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Pathology (Dr Zynger and Mr Vashistha) and Urology (Dr Shabsigh), The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3906","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b01","series-title":"CA Cancer J Clin","first-page":"71","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2008","volume":"58","author":"Jemal\n A,","year":"2008;","unstructured":"Jemal\n A, \n \n Siegel\n R, \n \n Ward\n E, \n et al\n . Cancer statistics, 2008. CA Cancer J Clin. 2008;58(2):71\u201396."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b02","series-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol","first-page":"155","article-title":"Transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter and renal pelvis","volume":"47","author":"Kirkali\n Z,","year":"2003;","unstructured":"Kirkali\n Z, \n \n Tuzel\n E. \n \n Transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter and renal pelvis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2003;47(2):155\u2013169."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b03","series-title":"Urol Clin North Am","first-page":"115","article-title":"Ureteroscopic management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma","volume":"31","author":"Lam\n JS,","year":"2004;","unstructured":"Lam\n JS, \n \n Gupta\n M. \n \n Ureteroscopic management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma. Urol Clin North Am. 2004;31(1):115\u2013128."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b04","series-title":"Urology","first-page":"713","article-title":"Endoscopic management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma in patients with normal contralateral kidneys","volume":"71","author":"Thompson\n RH,","year":"2008;","unstructured":"Thompson\n RH, \n \n Krambeck\n AE, \n \n Lohse\n CM, \n \n Elliott\n DS, \n \n Patterson\n DE, \n \n Blute\n ML. \n \n Endoscopic management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma in patients with normal contralateral kidneys. Urology. 2008;71(4):713\u2013717."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b05","series-title":"Urology","first-page":"174","article-title":"Is nephroureterectomy necessary in all cases of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma: long-term results of conservative endourologic management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma in individuals with a normal contralateral kidney","volume":"58","author":"Elliott\n DS,","year":"2001;","unstructured":"Elliott\n DS, \n \n Segura\n JW, \n \n Lightner\n D, \n \n Patterson\n DE, \n \n Blute\n ML. \n \n Is nephroureterectomy necessary in all cases of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma: long-term results of conservative endourologic management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma in individuals with a normal contralateral kidney. Urology. 2001;58(2):174\u2013178."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b06","series-title":"J Urol","first-page":"82","article-title":"Conservative elective treatment of upper urinary tract tumors: a multivariate analysis of prognostic factors for recurrence and progression","volume":"169","author":"Iborra\n I,","year":"2003;","unstructured":"Iborra\n I, \n \n Solsona\n E, \n \n Casanova\n J, \n \n Ric\u00f3s\n JV, \n \n Rubio\n J, \n \n Climent\n MA. \n \n Conservative elective treatment of upper urinary tract tumors: a multivariate analysis of prognostic factors for recurrence and progression. J Urol. 2003;169(1):82\u201385."},{"key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b07","series-title":"Adv Urol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/419028","article-title":"The role of chemotherapy in upper tract urothelial carcinoma [published online ahead of print January 26, 2009]","author":"O'Donnell\n PH,","year":"2009","unstructured":"O'Donnell\n PH, \n \n Stadler\n WM. \n \n The role of chemotherapy in upper tract urothelial carcinoma [published online ahead of print January 26, 2009]. Adv Urol. 2009:419028. doi:10.1155\/2009\/419028."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b08","series-title":"J Endourol","first-page":"601","article-title":"Usefulness of Ureteropyeloscopy for diagnosis of upper urinary tract tumors","volume":"15","author":"Hara\n I,","year":"2001;","unstructured":"Hara\n I, \n \n Hara\n S, \n \n Miyake\n H, \n et al\n . Usefulness of Ureteropyeloscopy for diagnosis of upper urinary tract tumors. J Endourol. 2001;15(6):601\u2013605."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b09","series-title":"Am J Surg Pathol","first-page":"1540","article-title":"Small endoscopic biopsies of the ureter and renal pelvis: pathologic pitfalls","volume":"33","author":"Tavora\n F,","year":"2009;","unstructured":"Tavora\n F, \n \n Fajardo\n DA, \n \n Lee\n TK, \n et al\n . Small endoscopic biopsies of the ureter and renal pelvis: pathologic pitfalls. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33(10):1540\u20131546."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b10","series-title":"J Endourol","first-page":"71","article-title":"Correlation of upper-tract cytology, retrograde pyelography, ureteroscopic appearance, and ureteroscopic biopsy with histologic examination of upper-tract transitional cell carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Williams\n SK,","year":"2008;","unstructured":"Williams\n SK, \n \n Denton\n KJ, \n \n Minervini\n A, \n et al\n . Correlation of upper-tract cytology, retrograde pyelography, ureteroscopic appearance, and ureteroscopic biopsy with histologic examination of upper-tract transitional cell carcinoma. J Endourol. 2008;22(1):71\u201376."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b11","series-title":"Int J Urol","first-page":"627","article-title":"Role of ureteroscopic biopsy in the management of upper urinary tract malignancy","volume":"10","author":"Shiraishi\n K,","year":"2003;","unstructured":"Shiraishi\n K, \n \n Eguchi\n S, \n \n Mohri\n J, \n \n Kamiryo\n Y. \n \n Role of ureteroscopic biopsy in the management of upper urinary tract malignancy. Int J Urol. 2003;10(12):627\u2013630."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b12","series-title":"Urology","first-page":"82","article-title":"Inadequacy of biopsy for diagnosis of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: implications for conservative management","volume":"78","author":"Smith\n AK,","year":"2011;","unstructured":"Smith\n AK, \n \n Stephenson\n AJ, \n \n Lane\n BR, \n et al\n . Inadequacy of biopsy for diagnosis of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: implications for conservative management. Urology. 2011;78(1):82\u201386."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b13","series-title":"J Urol","first-page":"33","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of ureteroscopic biopsy in upper tract transitional cell carcinoma","volume":"157","author":"Keeley\n FX,","year":"1997;","unstructured":"Keeley\n FX, \n \n Kulp\n DA, \n \n Bibbo\n M, \n \n McCue\n PA, \n \n Bagley\n DH. \n \n Diagnostic accuracy of ureteroscopic biopsy in upper tract transitional cell carcinoma. J Urol. 1997;157(1):33\u201337."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b14","series-title":"J Urol","first-page":"52","article-title":"Ureteroscopic biopsy of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: improved diagnostic accuracy and histopathological considerations using a multi-biopsy approach","volume":"163","author":"Guarnizo\n E,","year":"2000;","unstructured":"Guarnizo\n E, \n \n Pavlovich\n CP, \n \n Seiba\n M, \n \n Carlson\n DL, \n \n Vaughan\n ED\n Jr, \n \n Sosa\n RE. \n \n Ureteroscopic biopsy of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: improved diagnostic accuracy and histopathological considerations using a multi-biopsy approach. J Urol. 2000;163(1):52\u201355."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b15","series-title":"Urology","first-page":"1146","article-title":"Cytologic analysis of ureteral washings is informative in patients with grade 2 upper tract TCC considering endoscopic treatment","volume":"61","author":"Skolarikos\n A,","year":"2003;","unstructured":"Skolarikos\n A, \n \n Griffiths\n TR, \n \n Powell\n PH, \n \n Thomas\n DJ, \n \n Neal\n DE, \n \n Kelly\n JD. \n \n Cytologic analysis of ureteral washings is informative in patients with grade 2 upper tract TCC considering endoscopic treatment. Urology. 2003;61(6):1146\u20131150."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b16","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"313","article-title":"Fluoroscopically guided retrograde brush biopsy in the diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: results in 45 patients","volume":"153","author":"Sheline\n M,","year":"1989;","unstructured":"Sheline\n M, \n \n Amendola\n MA, \n \n Pollack\n HM, \n \n Banner\n MP, \n \n de las Morenas\n A, \n \n Wein\n AJ. \n \n Fluoroscopically guided retrograde brush biopsy in the diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: results in 45 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1989;153(2):313\u2013316."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b17","series-title":"Acta Cytol","first-page":"377","article-title":"Endoscopic brush cytology of the upper urinary tract: evaluation of its efficacy and potential limitations in diagnosis","volume":"41","author":"Dodd\n LG,","year":"1997;","unstructured":"Dodd\n LG, \n \n Johnston\n WW, \n \n Robertson\n CN, \n \n Layfield\n LJ. \n \n Endoscopic brush cytology of the upper urinary tract: evaluation of its efficacy and potential limitations in diagnosis. Acta Cytol. 1997;41(2):377\u2013384."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b18","series-title":"J Urol","first-page":"146","article-title":"Renal brush biopsy: survey of indications, techniques and results","volume":"126","author":"Blute\n RD\n Jr,","year":"1981;","unstructured":"Blute\n RD\n Jr, \n \n Gittes\n RR, \n \n Gittes\n RF. \n \n Renal brush biopsy: survey of indications, techniques and results. J Urol. 1981;126(2):146\u2013149."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b19","series-title":"J Urol","first-page":"69","article-title":"Preoperative hydronephrosis, ureteroscopic biopsy grade and urinary cytology can improve prediction of advanced upper tract urothelial carcinoma","volume":"184","author":"Brien\n JC,","year":"2010;","unstructured":"Brien\n JC, \n \n Shariat\n SF, \n \n Herman\n MP, \n et al\n . Preoperative hydronephrosis, ureteroscopic biopsy grade and urinary cytology can improve prediction of advanced upper tract urothelial carcinoma. J Urol. 2010;184(1):69\u201373."},{"key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b20","series-title":"Tumours of the Urinary System. 3rd ed","article-title":"Pathology and Genetics of Tumors of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs","volume":"7","author":"Eble\n JN,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eble\n JN, \n \n Sauter\n G, \n \n Epstein\n JI, \n \n Sesterhenn\n IA. \n \n Pathology and Genetics of Tumors of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs. Tumours of the Urinary System. 3rd ed. Lyon, France: IARC Press;2004:90. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours; vol7."},{"key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b21","series-title":"Renal pelvis and ureter. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 7th ed","first-page":"493","author":"Edge\n SB,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Edge\n SB, \n \n Byrd\n DR, \n \n Compton\n CC, \n et al\n . Renal pelvis and ureter. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 7th ed. New York, NY: Springer Publishing;2010:493."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b22","series-title":"J Urol","first-page":"19","article-title":"Primary tumors of the renal pelvis: evaluation of clinical and pathological features in a consecutive series of 10 years","volume":"140","author":"Nielsen\n K,","year":"1988;","unstructured":"Nielsen\n K, \n \n Ostri\n P. \n \n Primary tumors of the renal pelvis: evaluation of clinical and pathological features in a consecutive series of 10 years. J Urol. 1988;140(1):19\u201321."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b23","series-title":"Radiographics","first-page":"1609","article-title":"Transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: spectrum of imaging findings","volume":"25","author":"Browne\n RF,","year":"2005;","unstructured":"Browne\n RF, \n \n Meehan\n CP, \n \n Colville\n J, \n \n Power\n R, \n \n Torreggiani\n WC. \n \n Transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: spectrum of imaging findings. Radiographics. 2005;25(6):1609\u20131627."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b24","series-title":"J Urol","first-page":"1243","article-title":"Tumors of the upper urinary tract: 10 years of experience","volume":"146","author":"Charbit\n L,","year":"1991;","unstructured":"Charbit\n L, \n \n Gendreau\n MC, \n \n Mee\n S, \n \n Cukier\n J. \n \n Tumors of the upper urinary tract: 10 years of experience. J Urol. 1991;146(5):1243\u20131246."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b01","series-title":"CA Cancer J Clin","first-page":"71","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2008","volume":"58","author":"Jemal\n A,","year":"2008;","unstructured":"Jemal\n A, \n \n Siegel\n R, \n \n Ward\n E, \n et al\n . Cancer statistics, 2008. CA Cancer J Clin. 2008;58(2):71\u201396."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b02","series-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol","first-page":"155","article-title":"Transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter and renal pelvis","volume":"47","author":"Kirkali\n Z,","year":"2003;","unstructured":"Kirkali\n Z, \n \n Tuzel\n E. \n \n Transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter and renal pelvis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2003;47(2):155\u2013169."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b03","series-title":"Urol Clin North Am","first-page":"115","article-title":"Ureteroscopic management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma","volume":"31","author":"Lam\n JS,","year":"2004;","unstructured":"Lam\n JS, \n \n Gupta\n M. \n \n Ureteroscopic management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma. Urol Clin North Am. 2004;31(1):115\u2013128."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b04","series-title":"Urology","first-page":"713","article-title":"Endoscopic management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma in patients with normal contralateral kidneys","volume":"71","author":"Thompson\n RH,","year":"2008;","unstructured":"Thompson\n RH, \n \n Krambeck\n AE, \n \n Lohse\n CM, \n \n Elliott\n DS, \n \n Patterson\n DE, \n \n Blute\n ML. \n \n Endoscopic management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma in patients with normal contralateral kidneys. Urology. 2008;71(4):713\u2013717."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b05","series-title":"Urology","first-page":"174","article-title":"Is nephroureterectomy necessary in all cases of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma: long-term results of conservative endourologic management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma in individuals with a normal contralateral kidney","volume":"58","author":"Elliott\n DS,","year":"2001;","unstructured":"Elliott\n DS, \n \n Segura\n JW, \n \n Lightner\n D, \n \n Patterson\n DE, \n \n Blute\n ML. \n \n Is nephroureterectomy necessary in all cases of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma: long-term results of conservative endourologic management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma in individuals with a normal contralateral kidney. Urology. 2001;58(2):174\u2013178."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b06","series-title":"J Urol","first-page":"82","article-title":"Conservative elective treatment of upper urinary tract tumors: a multivariate analysis of prognostic factors for recurrence and progression","volume":"169","author":"Iborra\n I,","year":"2003;","unstructured":"Iborra\n I, \n \n Solsona\n E, \n \n Casanova\n J, \n \n Ric\u00f3s\n JV, \n \n Rubio\n J, \n \n Climent\n MA. \n \n Conservative elective treatment of upper urinary tract tumors: a multivariate analysis of prognostic factors for recurrence and progression. J Urol. 2003;169(1):82\u201385."},{"key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b07","series-title":"Adv Urol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/419028","article-title":"The role of chemotherapy in upper tract urothelial carcinoma [published online ahead of print January 26, 2009]","author":"O'Donnell\n PH,","year":"2009","unstructured":"O'Donnell\n PH, \n \n Stadler\n WM. \n \n The role of chemotherapy in upper tract urothelial carcinoma [published online ahead of print January 26, 2009]. Adv Urol. 2009:419028. doi:10.1155\/2009\/419028."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b08","series-title":"J Endourol","first-page":"601","article-title":"Usefulness of Ureteropyeloscopy for diagnosis of upper urinary tract tumors","volume":"15","author":"Hara\n I,","year":"2001;","unstructured":"Hara\n I, \n \n Hara\n S, \n \n Miyake\n H, \n et al\n . Usefulness of Ureteropyeloscopy for diagnosis of upper urinary tract tumors. J Endourol. 2001;15(6):601\u2013605."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b09","series-title":"Am J Surg Pathol","first-page":"1540","article-title":"Small endoscopic biopsies of the ureter and renal pelvis: pathologic pitfalls","volume":"33","author":"Tavora\n F,","year":"2009;","unstructured":"Tavora\n F, \n \n Fajardo\n DA, \n \n Lee\n TK, \n et al\n . Small endoscopic biopsies of the ureter and renal pelvis: pathologic pitfalls. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33(10):1540\u20131546."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b10","series-title":"J Endourol","first-page":"71","article-title":"Correlation of upper-tract cytology, retrograde pyelography, ureteroscopic appearance, and ureteroscopic biopsy with histologic examination of upper-tract transitional cell carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Williams\n SK,","year":"2008;","unstructured":"Williams\n SK, \n \n Denton\n KJ, \n \n Minervini\n A, \n et al\n . Correlation of upper-tract cytology, retrograde pyelography, ureteroscopic appearance, and ureteroscopic biopsy with histologic examination of upper-tract transitional cell carcinoma. J Endourol. 2008;22(1):71\u201376."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b11","series-title":"Int J Urol","first-page":"627","article-title":"Role of ureteroscopic biopsy in the management of upper urinary tract malignancy","volume":"10","author":"Shiraishi\n K,","year":"2003;","unstructured":"Shiraishi\n K, \n \n Eguchi\n S, \n \n Mohri\n J, \n \n Kamiryo\n Y. \n \n Role of ureteroscopic biopsy in the management of upper urinary tract malignancy. Int J Urol. 2003;10(12):627\u2013630."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b12","series-title":"Urology","first-page":"82","article-title":"Inadequacy of biopsy for diagnosis of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: implications for conservative management","volume":"78","author":"Smith\n AK,","year":"2011;","unstructured":"Smith\n AK, \n \n Stephenson\n AJ, \n \n Lane\n BR, \n et al\n . Inadequacy of biopsy for diagnosis of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: implications for conservative management. Urology. 2011;78(1):82\u201386."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b13","series-title":"J Urol","first-page":"33","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of ureteroscopic biopsy in upper tract transitional cell carcinoma","volume":"157","author":"Keeley\n FX,","year":"1997;","unstructured":"Keeley\n FX, \n \n Kulp\n DA, \n \n Bibbo\n M, \n \n McCue\n PA, \n \n Bagley\n DH. \n \n Diagnostic accuracy of ureteroscopic biopsy in upper tract transitional cell carcinoma. J Urol. 1997;157(1):33\u201337."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b14","series-title":"J Urol","first-page":"52","article-title":"Ureteroscopic biopsy of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: improved diagnostic accuracy and histopathological considerations using a multi-biopsy approach","volume":"163","author":"Guarnizo\n E,","year":"2000;","unstructured":"Guarnizo\n E, \n \n Pavlovich\n CP, \n \n Seiba\n M, \n \n Carlson\n DL, \n \n Vaughan\n ED\n Jr, \n \n Sosa\n RE. \n \n Ureteroscopic biopsy of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: improved diagnostic accuracy and histopathological considerations using a multi-biopsy approach. J Urol. 2000;163(1):52\u201355."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b15","series-title":"Urology","first-page":"1146","article-title":"Cytologic analysis of ureteral washings is informative in patients with grade 2 upper tract TCC considering endoscopic treatment","volume":"61","author":"Skolarikos\n A,","year":"2003;","unstructured":"Skolarikos\n A, \n \n Griffiths\n TR, \n \n Powell\n PH, \n \n Thomas\n DJ, \n \n Neal\n DE, \n \n Kelly\n JD. \n \n Cytologic analysis of ureteral washings is informative in patients with grade 2 upper tract TCC considering endoscopic treatment. Urology. 2003;61(6):1146\u20131150."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b16","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"313","article-title":"Fluoroscopically guided retrograde brush biopsy in the diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: results in 45 patients","volume":"153","author":"Sheline\n M,","year":"1989;","unstructured":"Sheline\n M, \n \n Amendola\n MA, \n \n Pollack\n HM, \n \n Banner\n MP, \n \n de las Morenas\n A, \n \n Wein\n AJ. \n \n Fluoroscopically guided retrograde brush biopsy in the diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: results in 45 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1989;153(2):313\u2013316."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b17","series-title":"Acta Cytol","first-page":"377","article-title":"Endoscopic brush cytology of the upper urinary tract: evaluation of its efficacy and potential limitations in diagnosis","volume":"41","author":"Dodd\n LG,","year":"1997;","unstructured":"Dodd\n LG, \n \n Johnston\n WW, \n \n Robertson\n CN, \n \n Layfield\n LJ. \n \n Endoscopic brush cytology of the upper urinary tract: evaluation of its efficacy and potential limitations in diagnosis. Acta Cytol. 1997;41(2):377\u2013384."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-3-400-b18","series-title":"J Urol","first-page":"146","article-title":"Renal brush biopsy: survey of indications, techniques and results","volume":"126","author":"Blute\n RD\n Jr,","year":"1981;","unstructured":"Blute\n RD\n Jr, \n \n Gittes\n RR, \n \n Gittes\n RF. \n \n Renal brush biopsy: survey of indications, techniques and results. 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