{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:09:13Z","timestamp":1792602553246,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tenosynovial giant cell tumors are a group of generally benign intra-articular and soft tissue tumors with common histologic features. They can be roughly divided into localized and diffuse types. Localized types include giant cell tumors of tendon sheath and localized pigmented villonodular synovitis, whereas diffuse types encompass conventional pigmented villonodular synovitis and diffuse-type giant cell tumor. Localized tumors are generally indolent, whereas diffuse tumors are locally aggressive. Recent developments indicate that tenosynovial giant cell tumors are clonal neoplastic tumors driven by overexpression of CSF1. Herein, I report a case of intra-articular, localized tenosynovial giant cell tumor (or localized pigmented villonodular synovitis) and review the classification, histopathology, and recent developments regarding its pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2012-0165-cr","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,31]],"date-time":"2012-07-31T11:01:31Z","timestamp":1343732491000},"page":"901-906","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor: Case Report and Review"],"prefix":"10.5858","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"David R.","family":"Lucas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3906","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"i1543-2165-136-8-901-b01","series-title":"Arthroscopy","first-page":"930","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of surgically treated localized pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee","volume":"23","author":"Dines\n              JS,","year":"2007;","unstructured":"Dines\n              JS, \n            \n              DeBerardino\n              TM, \n            \n              Wells\n              JL, \n            et al\n          . Long-term follow-up of surgically treated localized pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee. Arthroscopy. 2007;23(9):930\u2013937."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-136-8-901-b02","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"1298","article-title":"Recurrent giant cell tumors of the tendon sheath","volume":"24","author":"Reilly\n              KE,","year":"1999;","unstructured":"Reilly\n              KE, \n            \n              Stern\n              PJ, \n            \n              Dale\n              JA. \n          \n          Recurrent giant cell tumors of the tendon sheath. J Hand Surg Am. 1999;24(6):1298\u20131302."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1543-2165-136-8-901-b03","series-title":"Radiographics","first-page":"1493","article-title":"Pigmented villonodular synovitis: radiologic-pathologic correlation","volume":"28","author":"Murphey\n              MD,","year":"2008;","unstructured":"Murphey\n              MD, \n            \n              Rhee\n              JH, \n            \n              Lewis\n              RB, \n            \n              Fanburg-Smith\n              JC, \n            \n              Flemming\n              DJ, \n            \n              Walker\n              EA. \n          \n          Pigmented villonodular synovitis: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1493\u20131518."},{"issue":"114","key":"i1543-2165-136-8-901-b04","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"335","article-title":"The pathogenesis and long-term end results of pigmented villonodular synovitis","author":"Granowitz\n              SP,","year":"1976;","unstructured":"Granowitz\n              SP, \n            \n              D'Antonio\n              J, \n            \n              Mankin\n              HL. \n          \n          The pathogenesis and long-term end results of pigmented villonodular synovitis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1976;(114):335\u2013351."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-136-8-901-b05","series-title":"Am J Surg Pathol","first-page":"479","article-title":"Diffuse-type giant cell tumor: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 50 cases with extraarticular disease","volume":"24","author":"Somerhausen\n              NS,","year":"2000;","unstructured":"Somerhausen\n              NS, \n            \n              Fletcher\n              CD. \n          \n          Diffuse-type giant cell tumor: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 50 cases with extraarticular disease. Am J Surg Pathol. 2000;24(4):479\u2013492."},{"key":"i1543-2165-136-8-901-b06","series-title":"Enzinger and Weiss's Soft Tissue Tumors. 5th ed","author":"Weiss\n              SW,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Weiss\n              SW, \n            \n              Goldblum\n              JR, \n          \n          eds. Enzinger and Weiss's Soft Tissue Tumors. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier;2008."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1543-2165-136-8-901-b07","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"1636","article-title":"Malignant giant cell tumor of synovium (malignant pigmented villonodular synovitis)","volume":"124","author":"Layfield\n              LJ,","year":"2000;","unstructured":"Layfield\n              LJ, \n            \n              Meloni-Ehrig\n              A, \n            \n              Liu\n              K, \n            \n              Shepard\n              R, \n            \n              Harrelson\n              JM. \n          \n          Malignant giant cell tumor of synovium (malignant pigmented villonodular synovitis). Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000;124(11):1636\u20131641."},{"key":"i1543-2165-136-8-901-b08","series-title":"Arch Pathol","first-page":"731","article-title":"Pigmented villonodular synovitis, bursitis and tenosynovitis: a discussion of the synovial and bursal equivalents of the tenosynovial lesions commonly denoted as xanthoma, xanthogranuloma, giant cell tumor, or myeloma of the tendon sheath, with some consideration of the tendon sheath lesion itself","volume":"31","author":"Jaffe\n              HL,","year":"1941;","unstructured":"Jaffe\n              HL, \n            \n              Lichtenstein\n              L, \n            \n              Sutro\n              CJ. \n          \n          Pigmented villonodular synovitis, bursitis and tenosynovitis: a discussion of the synovial and bursal equivalents of the tenosynovial lesions commonly denoted as xanthoma, xanthogranuloma, giant cell tumor, or myeloma of the tendon sheath, with some consideration of the tendon sheath lesion itself. Arch Pathol. 1941;31:731\u2013765."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1543-2165-136-8-901-b09","series-title":"Hum Pathol","first-page":"815","article-title":"Giant cell tumor of tendon sheath is a polyclonal cellular proliferation","volume":"28","author":"Vogrincic\n              GS,","year":"1997;","unstructured":"Vogrincic\n              GS, \n            \n              O'Connell\n              JX, \n            \n              Gilks\n              CB. \n          \n          Giant cell tumor of tendon sheath is a polyclonal cellular proliferation. Hum Pathol. 1997;28(7):815\u2013819."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1543-2165-136-8-901-b10","series-title":"Virchows Arch","first-page":"475","article-title":"Molecular cytogenetic mapping of recurrent chromosomal breakpoints in tenosynovial giant cell tumors","volume":"441","author":"Nilsson\n              M,","year":"2002;","unstructured":"Nilsson\n              M, \n            \n              H\u00f6glund\n              M, \n            \n              Panagopoulos\n              I, \n            et al\n          . Molecular cytogenetic mapping of recurrent chromosomal breakpoints in tenosynovial giant cell tumors. Virchows Arch. 2002;441(5):475\u2013480."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-136-8-901-b11","series-title":"Genes Chromosomes Cancer","first-page":"264","article-title":"Trisomy 5 and trisomy 7 are nonrandom aberrations in pigmented villonodular synovitis: confirmation of trisomy 7 in uncultured cells","volume":"4","author":"Fletcher\n              JA,","year":"1992;","unstructured":"Fletcher\n              JA, \n            \n              Henkle\n              C, \n            \n              Atkins\n              L, \n            \n              Rosenberg\n              AE, \n            \n              Morton\n              CC. \n          \n          Trisomy 5 and trisomy 7 are nonrandom aberrations in pigmented villonodular synovitis: confirmation of trisomy 7 in uncultured cells. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1992;4(3):264\u2013266."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-136-8-901-b12","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"690","article-title":"A landscape effect in tenosynovial giant-cell tumor from activation of CSF1 expression by a translocation in a minority of tumor cells","volume":"103","author":"West\n              RB,","year":"2006;","unstructured":"West\n              RB, \n            \n              Rubin\n              BP, \n            \n              Miller\n              MA, \n            et al\n          . A landscape effect in tenosynovial giant-cell tumor from activation of CSF1 expression by a translocation in a minority of tumor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103(3):690\u2013695."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-136-8-901-b13","series-title":"Am J Surg Pathol","first-page":"970","article-title":"Translocation and expression of CSF1 in pigmented villonodular synovitis, tenosynovial giant cell tumor, rheumatoid arthritis and other reactive synovitides","volume":"31","author":"Cupp\n              JS,","year":"2007;","unstructured":"Cupp\n              JS, \n            \n              Miller\n              MA, \n            \n              Montgomery\n              KD, \n            et al\n          . Translocation and expression of CSF1 in pigmented villonodular synovitis, tenosynovial giant cell tumor, rheumatoid arthritis and other reactive synovitides. Am J Surg Pathol. 2007;31(6):970\u2013976."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-136-8-901-b14","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"1649","article-title":"Efficacy of imatinib mesylate for the treatment of locally advanced and\/or metastatic tenosynovial giant cell tumor\/pigmented villonodular synovitis","volume":"118","author":"Cassier\n              PA,","year":"2012;","unstructured":"Cassier\n              PA, \n            \n              Gelderblom\n              H, \n            \n              Stacchiotti\n              S, \n            et al\n          . Efficacy of imatinib mesylate for the treatment of locally advanced and\/or metastatic tenosynovial giant cell tumor\/pigmented villonodular synovitis. Cancer. 2012;118(6):1649\u20131655."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1543-2165-136-8-901-b01","series-title":"Arthroscopy","first-page":"930","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of surgically treated localized pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee","volume":"23","author":"Dines\n              JS,","year":"2007;","unstructured":"Dines\n              JS, \n            \n              DeBerardino\n              TM, \n            \n              Wells\n              JL, \n            et al\n          . Long-term follow-up of surgically treated localized pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee. Arthroscopy. 2007;23(9):930\u2013937."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-136-8-901-b02","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"1298","article-title":"Recurrent giant cell tumors of the tendon sheath","volume":"24","author":"Reilly\n              KE,","year":"1999;","unstructured":"Reilly\n              KE, \n            \n              Stern\n              PJ, \n            \n              Dale\n              JA. \n          \n          Recurrent giant cell tumors of the tendon sheath. J Hand Surg Am. 1999;24(6):1298\u20131302."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1543-2165-136-8-901-b03","series-title":"Radiographics","first-page":"1493","article-title":"Pigmented villonodular synovitis: radiologic-pathologic correlation","volume":"28","author":"Murphey\n              MD,","year":"2008;","unstructured":"Murphey\n              MD, \n            \n              Rhee\n              JH, \n            \n              Lewis\n              RB, \n            \n              Fanburg-Smith\n              JC, \n            \n              Flemming\n              DJ, \n            \n              Walker\n              EA. \n          \n          Pigmented villonodular synovitis: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1493\u20131518."},{"issue":"114","key":"i1543-2165-136-8-901-b04","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"335","article-title":"The pathogenesis and long-term end results of pigmented villonodular synovitis","author":"Granowitz\n              SP,","year":"1976;","unstructured":"Granowitz\n              SP, \n            \n              D'Antonio\n              J, \n            \n              Mankin\n              HL. \n          \n          The pathogenesis and long-term end results of pigmented villonodular synovitis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1976;(114):335\u2013351."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-136-8-901-b05","series-title":"Am J Surg Pathol","first-page":"479","article-title":"Diffuse-type giant cell tumor: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 50 cases with extraarticular disease","volume":"24","author":"Somerhausen\n              NS,","year":"2000;","unstructured":"Somerhausen\n              NS, \n            \n              Fletcher\n              CD. \n          \n          Diffuse-type giant cell tumor: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 50 cases with extraarticular disease. Am J Surg Pathol. 2000;24(4):479\u2013492."},{"key":"i1543-2165-136-8-901-b06","series-title":"Enzinger and Weiss's Soft Tissue Tumors. 5th ed","author":"Weiss\n              SW,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Weiss\n              SW, \n            \n              Goldblum\n              JR, \n          \n          eds. Enzinger and Weiss's Soft Tissue Tumors. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier;2008."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1543-2165-136-8-901-b07","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"1636","article-title":"Malignant giant cell tumor of synovium (malignant pigmented villonodular synovitis)","volume":"124","author":"Layfield\n              LJ,","year":"2000;","unstructured":"Layfield\n              LJ, \n            \n              Meloni-Ehrig\n              A, \n            \n              Liu\n              K, \n            \n              Shepard\n              R, \n            \n              Harrelson\n              JM. \n          \n          Malignant giant cell tumor of synovium (malignant pigmented villonodular synovitis). Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000;124(11):1636\u20131641."},{"key":"i1543-2165-136-8-901-b08","series-title":"Arch Pathol","first-page":"731","article-title":"Pigmented villonodular synovitis, bursitis and tenosynovitis: a discussion of the synovial and bursal equivalents of the tenosynovial lesions commonly denoted as xanthoma, xanthogranuloma, giant cell tumor, or myeloma of the tendon sheath, with some consideration of the tendon sheath lesion itself","volume":"31","author":"Jaffe\n              HL,","year":"1941;","unstructured":"Jaffe\n              HL, \n            \n              Lichtenstein\n              L, \n            \n              Sutro\n              CJ. \n          \n          Pigmented villonodular synovitis, bursitis and tenosynovitis: a discussion of the synovial and bursal equivalents of the tenosynovial lesions commonly denoted as xanthoma, xanthogranuloma, giant cell tumor, or myeloma of the tendon sheath, with some consideration of the tendon sheath lesion itself. Arch Pathol. 1941;31:731\u2013765."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1543-2165-136-8-901-b09","series-title":"Hum Pathol","first-page":"815","article-title":"Giant cell tumor of tendon sheath is a polyclonal cellular proliferation","volume":"28","author":"Vogrincic\n              GS,","year":"1997;","unstructured":"Vogrincic\n              GS, \n            \n              O'Connell\n              JX, \n            \n              Gilks\n              CB. \n          \n          Giant cell tumor of tendon sheath is a polyclonal cellular proliferation. Hum Pathol. 1997;28(7):815\u2013819."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1543-2165-136-8-901-b10","series-title":"Virchows Arch","first-page":"475","article-title":"Molecular cytogenetic mapping of recurrent chromosomal breakpoints in tenosynovial giant cell tumors","volume":"441","author":"Nilsson\n              M,","year":"2002;","unstructured":"Nilsson\n              M, \n            \n              H\u00f6glund\n              M, \n            \n              Panagopoulos\n              I, \n            et al\n          . Molecular cytogenetic mapping of recurrent chromosomal breakpoints in tenosynovial giant cell tumors. Virchows Arch. 2002;441(5):475\u2013480."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-136-8-901-b11","series-title":"Genes Chromosomes Cancer","first-page":"264","article-title":"Trisomy 5 and trisomy 7 are nonrandom aberrations in pigmented villonodular synovitis: confirmation of trisomy 7 in uncultured cells","volume":"4","author":"Fletcher\n              JA,","year":"1992;","unstructured":"Fletcher\n              JA, \n            \n              Henkle\n              C, \n            \n              Atkins\n              L, \n            \n              Rosenberg\n              AE, \n            \n              Morton\n              CC. \n          \n          Trisomy 5 and trisomy 7 are nonrandom aberrations in pigmented villonodular synovitis: confirmation of trisomy 7 in uncultured cells. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1992;4(3):264\u2013266."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-136-8-901-b12","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"690","article-title":"A landscape effect in tenosynovial giant-cell tumor from activation of CSF1 expression by a translocation in a minority of tumor cells","volume":"103","author":"West\n              RB,","year":"2006;","unstructured":"West\n              RB, \n            \n              Rubin\n              BP, \n            \n              Miller\n              MA, \n            et al\n          . A landscape effect in tenosynovial giant-cell tumor from activation of CSF1 expression by a translocation in a minority of tumor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103(3):690\u2013695."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-136-8-901-b13","series-title":"Am J Surg Pathol","first-page":"970","article-title":"Translocation and expression of CSF1 in pigmented villonodular synovitis, tenosynovial giant cell tumor, rheumatoid arthritis and other reactive synovitides","volume":"31","author":"Cupp\n              JS,","year":"2007;","unstructured":"Cupp\n              JS, \n            \n              Miller\n              MA, \n            \n              Montgomery\n              KD, \n            et al\n          . Translocation and expression of CSF1 in pigmented villonodular synovitis, tenosynovial giant cell tumor, rheumatoid arthritis and other reactive synovitides. Am J Surg Pathol. 2007;31(6):970\u2013976."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-136-8-901-b14","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"1649","article-title":"Efficacy of imatinib mesylate for the treatment of locally advanced and\/or metastatic tenosynovial giant cell tumor\/pigmented villonodular synovitis","volume":"118","author":"Cassier\n              PA,","year":"2012;","unstructured":"Cassier\n              PA, \n            \n              Gelderblom\n              H, \n            \n              Stacchiotti\n              S, \n            et al\n          . Efficacy of imatinib mesylate for the treatment of locally advanced and\/or metastatic tenosynovial giant cell tumor\/pigmented villonodular synovitis. 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