{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T15:11:33Z","timestamp":1770822693131,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"\n Context.\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n Two quality metrics for gynecologic cytology are the subject of this review: \u201cprospective rescreening\u201d and \u201cretrospective rescreening.\u201d\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Objective.\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n To offer consensus best practice approaches based on the College of American Pathologists' laboratory-based survey funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Design.\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n The College of American Pathologists submitted a paper-based survey to 1245 laboratories. After review of initial results, follow-up Web-based survey results, and a literature review, consensus best practice statements were presented at a national consensus conference. These statements were discussed and voted upon by conference participants.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Results.\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n A total of 541 laboratories responded to survey questions about prospective and retrospective rescreening. Most laboratories (>85%) prospectively rescreen more than 10% of Pap tests interpreted as negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy. Most (72%) report inclusion of less than 20% high-risk cases. Most laboratories use multiple measures to define \u201chigh risk.\u201d Most laboratories (96.2%) retrospectively rescreen Pap tests from the preceding 5 years only. In most laboratories (71.4%) only Pap test results with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or worse prompt retrospective review.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusions.\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n The number of Pap tests from high-risk patients should be maximized in prospective and retrospective rescreening. Unsatisfactory Pap tests should also be included. All readily identifiable high-risk human papillomavirus\u2013positive cases with an interpretation of negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy should be prospectively rescreened. Cervical biopsy results with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or worse (CIN 2+) should trigger retrospective rescreening. Regular feedback should be provided to cytotechnologists and cytopathologists. Upgraded diagnoses from negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy to atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, should be monitored.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2012-0178-oa","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,31]],"date-time":"2013-01-31T13:59:27Z","timestamp":1359640767000},"page":"175-182","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Prospective and Retrospective Review of Gynecologic Cytopathology: Findings From the College of American Pathologists Gynecologic Cytopathology Quality Consensus Conference Working Group 2"],"prefix":"10.5858","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Brainard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (Drs Brainard and Elsheikh); the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); the Surveys Department (Mr Hartley) and the Department of Biostatistics (Ms Souers), College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois; Anatomic Pathology Division, University of Michigan Health Systems..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George G.","family":"Birdsong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (Drs Brainard and Elsheikh); the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); the Surveys Department (Mr Hartley) and the Department of Biostatistics (Ms Souers), College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois; Anatomic Pathology Division, University of Michigan Health Systems..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tarik M.","family":"Elsheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (Drs Brainard and Elsheikh); the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); the Surveys Department (Mr Hartley) and the Department of Biostatistics (Ms Souers), College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois; Anatomic Pathology Division, University of Michigan Health Systems..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Hartley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (Drs Brainard and Elsheikh); the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); the Surveys Department (Mr Hartley) and the Department of Biostatistics (Ms Souers), College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois; Anatomic Pathology Division, University of Michigan Health Systems..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kalyani","family":"Naik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (Drs Brainard and Elsheikh); the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); the Surveys Department (Mr Hartley) and the Department of Biostatistics (Ms Souers), College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois; Anatomic Pathology Division, University of Michigan Health Systems..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret H.","family":"Neal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (Drs Brainard and Elsheikh); the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); the Surveys Department (Mr Hartley) and the Department of Biostatistics (Ms Souers), College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois; Anatomic Pathology Division, University of Michigan Health Systems..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rhona J.","family":"Souers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (Drs Brainard and Elsheikh); the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); the Surveys Department (Mr Hartley) and the Department of Biostatistics (Ms Souers), College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois; Anatomic Pathology Division, University of Michigan Health Systems..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (Drs Brainard and Elsheikh); the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); the Surveys Department (Mr Hartley) and the Department of Biostatistics (Ms Souers), College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois; Anatomic Pathology Division, University of Michigan Health Systems..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3906","reference":[{"key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b01","series-title":"Fed Regist","first-page":"7001","article-title":"Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988: final rule","volume":"57","year":"1992","unstructured":"Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988: final rule. Fed Regist. 1992;57:7001\u20137186. Current CLIA regulations available at: http:\/\/www.phppo.cdc.gov\/clia\/regs\/toc.aspx. Accessed August 1, 2012."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b02","series-title":"Clin Lab Med","first-page":"695","article-title":"Rescreening in cervical cytology for quality control; when bad data is worse than no data or what works, what doesn't, and why","volume":"23","author":"Renshaw\n AA.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Renshaw\n AA. \n \n Rescreening in cervical cytology for quality control; when bad data is worse than no data or what works, what doesn't, and why. Clin Lab Med. 2003;23(3):695\u2013708."},{"issue":"9B","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b03","series-title":"J Cell Mol Med","first-page":"4051","article-title":"Quality control for normal liquid-based cytology: rescreening, high-risk HPV targeted reviewing and\/or high-risk HPV detection?","volume":"13","author":"Depuydt\n CE,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Depuydt\n CE, \n \n Arbyn\n M, \n \n Benoy\n IH, \n et al\n . Quality control for normal liquid-based cytology: rescreening, high-risk HPV targeted reviewing and\/or high-risk HPV detection?J Cell Mol Med. 2009;13(9B):4051\u20134060."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b04","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"325","article-title":"One hundred percent thorough quality control rescreening of liquid-based monolayers in cervicovaginal cytopathology","volume":"96","author":"Rowe\n LR,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rowe\n LR, \n \n Marshall\n CJ, \n \n Bentz\n JS. \n \n One hundred percent thorough quality control rescreening of liquid-based monolayers in cervicovaginal cytopathology. Cancer. 2002;96(6):325\u2013329."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b05","series-title":"Diagn Cytopathol","first-page":"84","article-title":"Evaluation of the 10% rescreen of negative gynecologic smears as a quality assurance measure","volume":"14","author":"Tabbara\n SO,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tabbara\n SO, \n \n Sidawy\n MK. \n \n Evaluation of the 10% rescreen of negative gynecologic smears as a quality assurance measure. Diagn Cytopathol. 1996;14(1):84\u201386."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b06","series-title":"Am J Clin Pathol","first-page":"754","article-title":"Quality assurance in gynecologic cytology: what is practical?","volume":"94","author":"Rohr\n LR.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rohr\n LR. \n \n Quality assurance in gynecologic cytology: what is practical?\n Am J Clin Pathol. 1990;94(6):754\u2013758."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b07","series-title":"Clin Lab Manage Rev","first-page":"91","article-title":"The utility and cost-effectiveness of Pap test rescreening","volume":"12","author":"Raab\n SS.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Raab\n SS. \n \n The utility and cost-effectiveness of Pap test rescreening. Clin Lab Manage Rev. 1998;12(2):91\u201396."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b08","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"1557","article-title":"Prevalence of abnormalities influences cytologists' error rates in screening for cervical cancer","volume":"135","author":"Evans\n KK,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Evans\n KK, \n \n Tambouret\n RH, \n \n Evered\n A, \n \n Wilbur\n DC, \n \n Wolfe\n JM. \n \n Prevalence of abnormalities influences cytologists' error rates in screening for cervical cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2011;135(12):1557\u20131560."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b09","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"106","article-title":"The human false-negative rate of rescreening Pap tests; measured in a two-arm prospective clinical trial","volume":"93","author":"Renshaw\n AA,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Renshaw\n AA, \n \n Lezon\n KM, \n \n Wilbur\n DC. \n \n The human false-negative rate of rescreening Pap tests; measured in a two-arm prospective clinical trial. Cancer. 2001;93(2):106\u2013110."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b10","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"272","article-title":"A more accurate measure of the false-negative rate of Papanicolaou smear screening is obtained by determining the false-negative rate of the rescreening process","volume":"81","author":"Renshaw\n AA,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Renshaw\n AA, \n \n DiNisco\n SA, \n \n Minter\n LJ, \n \n Cibas\n ES. \n \n A more accurate measure of the false-negative rate of Papanicolaou smear screening is obtained by determining the false-negative rate of the rescreening process. Cancer. 1997;81(5):272\u2013276."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b11","series-title":"Acta Cytol","first-page":"461","article-title":"Reevaluation of quality assurance in the cytology laboratory","volume":"36","author":"Melamed\n MR,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Melamed\n MR, \n \n Flehinger\n BJ. \n \n Reevaluation of quality assurance in the cytology laboratory. Acta Cytol. 1992;36(4):461\u2013465."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b12","series-title":"Am J Clin Pathol","first-page":"601","article-title":"Cost effectiveness of rescreening cervicovaginal smears","volume":"111","author":"Raab\n SS,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Raab\n SS, \n \n Bishop\n NS, \n \n Zaleski\n MS. \n \n Cost effectiveness of rescreening cervicovaginal smears. Am J Clin Pathol. 1999;111(5):601\u2013609."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b13","series-title":"Acta Cytol","first-page":"271","article-title":"Comparison of false negative rates between 100% rapid review and 10% random full rescreening as internal quality control methods in cervical cytology screening","volume":"53","author":"Lee\n BCK,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee\n BCK, \n \n Lam\n SY, \n \n Walker\n T. \n \n Comparison of false negative rates between 100% rapid review and 10% random full rescreening as internal quality control methods in cervical cytology screening. Acta Cytol. 2009;53(3):271\u2013276."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b14","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"294","article-title":"Assuring the quality of quality assurance: seeding abnormal slides into the negative Papanicolaou smears that will be rapid rescreened","volume":"114","author":"Clarke\n J,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Clarke\n J, \n \n Thurloe\n JK, \n \n Bowditch\n RC, \n \n Roberts\n JM. \n \n Assuring the quality of quality assurance: seeding abnormal slides into the negative Papanicolaou smears that will be rapid rescreened. Cancer. 2008;114(5):294\u2013299."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b15","series-title":"J Clin Pathol","first-page":"385","article-title":"High-risk human papillomavirus is present in cytologically false-negative smears: an analysis of \u201cnormal\u201d smears preceding CIN2\/3","volume":"61","author":"Bulk\n S,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bulk\n S, \n \n Rozendaal\n L, \n \n Zielinski\n GD, \n et al\n . High-risk human papillomavirus is present in cytologically false-negative smears: an analysis of \u201cnormal\u201d smears preceding CIN2\/3. J Clin Pathol. 2008;61(3):385\u2013389."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b16","series-title":"Diagn Cytopathol","first-page":"135","article-title":"High grade squamous cervical lesions following negative Papanicolaou smears: false-negative cervical cytology or rapid progression","volume":"12","author":"Hatem\n F,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hatem\n F, \n \n Wilbur\n DC. \n \n High grade squamous cervical lesions following negative Papanicolaou smears: false-negative cervical cytology or rapid progression. Diagn Cytopathol. 1995;12(2):135\u2013141."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b17","series-title":"J Med Screen","first-page":"196","article-title":"Risk of invasive cervical cancer after three consecutive negative Pap smears","volume":"10","author":"Coldman\n A,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Coldman\n A, \n \n Phillips\n N, \n \n Kan\n L, \n et al\n . Risk of invasive cervical cancer after three consecutive negative Pap smears. J Med Screen. 2003;10(4):196\u2013200."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b18","series-title":"Mod Pathol","first-page":"337","article-title":"High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and invasive carcinoma following the report of three negative Papanicolaou smears: screening failures or rapid progression?","volume":"5","author":"Sherman\n ME,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sherman\n ME, \n \n Kelly\n D. \n \n High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and invasive carcinoma following the report of three negative Papanicolaou smears: screening failures or rapid progression?\n Mod Pathol. 1992;5(3):337\u2013342."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b19","series-title":"Int J Cancer","first-page":"94","article-title":"POBASCAM, a population-based randomized controlled trial for implementation of high-risk HPV testing in cervical screening: design, methods and baseline data of 44, 102 women","volume":"110","author":"Bulkmans\n NWJ,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bulkmans\n NWJ, \n \n Rozendaal\n L, \n \n Snijders\n PJF, \n et al\n . POBASCAM, a population-based randomized controlled trial for implementation of high-risk HPV testing in cervical screening: design, methods and baseline data of 44, 102 women. Int J Cancer. 2004;110(1):94\u2013101."},{"issue":"9490","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b20","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"991","article-title":"Worldwide distribution of human papillomavirus types in cytologically normal women in the International Agency for Research on Cancer HPV prevalence surveys: a pooled analysis","volume":"366","author":"Clifford\n GM,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Clifford\n GM, \n \n Gallus\n S, \n \n Herrero\n R, \n et al\n . Worldwide distribution of human papillomavirus types in cytologically normal women in the International Agency for Research on Cancer HPV prevalence surveys: a pooled analysis. Lancet. 2005;366(9490):991\u2013998."},{"issue":"21","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b21","series-title":"Cancer Res","first-page":"6027","article-title":"A prospective study showing long-term infection with human papillomavirus 16 before the development of cervical carcinoma in situ","volume":"60","author":"Ylitalo\n N,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ylitalo\n N, \n \n Josefsson\n A, \n \n Melbye\n M, \n et al\n . A prospective study showing long-term infection with human papillomavirus 16 before the development of cervical carcinoma in situ. Cancer Res. 2000;60(21):6027\u20136032."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b22","series-title":"Br J Cancer","first-page":"398","article-title":"HPV presence precedes abnormal cytology in women developing cervical cancer and signals false negative smears","volume":"85","author":"Zielinski\n GD,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zielinski\n GD, \n \n Snijders\n PJ, \n \n Rozendaal\n L, \n et al\n . HPV presence precedes abnormal cytology in women developing cervical cancer and signals false negative smears. Br J Cancer. 2001;85(3):398\u2013404."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b23","series-title":"Am J Epidemiol","first-page":"158","article-title":"Human papillomavirus and the long-term risk of cervical neoplasia","volume":"156","author":"van der Graaf\n Y,","year":"2002","unstructured":"van der Graaf\n Y, \n \n Molijn\n A, \n \n Doornewaard\n H, \n et al\n . Human papillomavirus and the long-term risk of cervical neoplasia. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156(2):158\u2013164."},{"issue":"22","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b24","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1633","article-title":"Type-specific persistence of human papillomavirus DNA before the development of invasive cervical cancer","volume":"341","author":"Wallin\n KL,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wallin\n KL, \n \n Wiklund\n F, \n \n Angstr\u00f6m\n T, \n et al\n . Type-specific persistence of human papillomavirus DNA before the development of invasive cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(22):1633\u20131638."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b25","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"139","article-title":"Clinicopathologic correlation of the unsatisfactory Papanicolaou smear","volume":"81","author":"Ransdell\n JS,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ransdell\n JS, \n \n Davey\n DD, \n \n Zaleski\n S. \n \n Clinicopathologic correlation of the unsatisfactory Papanicolaou smear. Cancer. 1997;81(3):139\u2013143."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b26","series-title":"Acta Cytol","first-page":"40","article-title":"False-negative Papanicolaou smears from women with cancerous and precancerous lesions of the uterine cervix","volume":"35","author":"Pairwuti\n S.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Pairwuti\n S. \n \n False-negative Papanicolaou smears from women with cancerous and precancerous lesions of the uterine cervix. Acta Cytol. 1991;35(1):40\u201346."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b27","series-title":"Am J Clin Pathol","first-page":"457","article-title":"The unsatisfactory ThinPrep Pap Test: missed opportunity for disease detection?","volume":"117","author":"Bentz\n JS,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bentz\n JS, \n \n Rowe\n LR, \n \n Gopez\n EV, \n \n Marshall\n CJ. \n \n The unsatisfactory ThinPrep Pap Test: missed opportunity for disease detection?\n Am J Clin Pathol. 2002;117(3):457\u2013463."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b28","series-title":"Am J Clin Pathol","first-page":"19","article-title":"Review of negative Papanicolaou tests: is the retrospective 5-year review necessary?","volume":"101","author":"Allen\n KA,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Allen\n KA, \n \n Zaleski\n S, \n \n Cohen\n MB. \n \n Review of negative Papanicolaou tests: is the retrospective 5-year review necessary?\n Am J Clin Pathol. 1994;101(1):19\u201321."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b29","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"296","article-title":"Papanicolaou smear 5-year retrospective review: what is required by the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988?","volume":"121","author":"Davey\n DD.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Davey\n DD. \n \n Papanicolaou smear 5-year retrospective review: what is required by the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988?\n Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1997;121(3):296\u2013298."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b30","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"273","article-title":"False negatives in focused rescreening of Papanicolaou smears: how frequently are \u201cabnormal\u201d cells detected in retrospective review of smears preceding cancer or high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia?","volume":"121","author":"Wilbur\n DC.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wilbur\n DC. \n \n False negatives in focused rescreening of Papanicolaou smears: how frequently are \u201cabnormal\u201d cells detected in retrospective review of smears preceding cancer or high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia?\n Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1997;121(3):273\u2013276."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b31","series-title":"Acta Cytol","first-page":"1085","article-title":"Quality assurance in cytology: rescreening of previously negative smears from high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions","volume":"41","author":"Howell\n S,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Howell\n S, \n \n Theodor\n M, \n \n Pacey\n NF, \n \n Patwardhan\n JR, \n \n Ayer\n B. \n \n Quality assurance in cytology: rescreening of previously negative smears from high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. Acta Cytol. 1997;41(4):1085\u20131090."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b32","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"1097","article-title":"Rescreening in gynecologic cytology: rescreening of 3762 previous cases for current high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and carcinoma\u2014a College of American Pathologists Q-Probes study of 312 institutions","volume":"119","author":"Jones\n BA.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Jones\n BA. \n \n Rescreening in gynecologic cytology: rescreening of 3762 previous cases for current high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and carcinoma\u2014a College of American Pathologists Q-Probes study of 312 institutions. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1995;119(12):1097\u20131103."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b33","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"519","article-title":"Rescreening in gynecologic cytology: rescreening of 8096 previous cases for current low-grade and indeterminate-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion diagnoses\u2014a College of American Pathologists Q-Probes study of 323 laboratories","volume":"120","author":"Jones\n BA.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Jones\n BA. \n \n Rescreening in gynecologic cytology: rescreening of 8096 previous cases for current low-grade and indeterminate-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion diagnoses\u2014a College of American Pathologists Q-Probes study of 323 laboratories. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1996;120(6):519\u2013522."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b34","series-title":"Prev Med","first-page":"93","article-title":"Process of care failures in invasive cervical cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Spence\n AR,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Spence\n AR, \n \n Goggin\n P, \n \n Franco\n EL. \n \n Process of care failures in invasive cervical cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Med. 2007;45(2\u20133):93\u2013106."},{"key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b01","series-title":"Fed Regist","first-page":"7001","article-title":"Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988: final rule","volume":"57","year":"1992","unstructured":"Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988: final rule. Fed Regist. 1992;57:7001\u20137186. Current CLIA regulations available at: http:\/\/www.phppo.cdc.gov\/clia\/regs\/toc.aspx. Accessed August 1, 2012."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b02","series-title":"Clin Lab Med","first-page":"695","article-title":"Rescreening in cervical cytology for quality control; when bad data is worse than no data or what works, what doesn't, and why","volume":"23","author":"Renshaw\n AA.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Renshaw\n AA. \n \n Rescreening in cervical cytology for quality control; when bad data is worse than no data or what works, what doesn't, and why. Clin Lab Med. 2003;23(3):695\u2013708."},{"issue":"9B","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b03","series-title":"J Cell Mol Med","first-page":"4051","article-title":"Quality control for normal liquid-based cytology: rescreening, high-risk HPV targeted reviewing and\/or high-risk HPV detection?","volume":"13","author":"Depuydt\n CE,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Depuydt\n CE, \n \n Arbyn\n M, \n \n Benoy\n IH, \n et al\n . Quality control for normal liquid-based cytology: rescreening, high-risk HPV targeted reviewing and\/or high-risk HPV detection?J Cell Mol Med. 2009;13(9B):4051\u20134060."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b04","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"325","article-title":"One hundred percent thorough quality control rescreening of liquid-based monolayers in cervicovaginal cytopathology","volume":"96","author":"Rowe\n LR,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rowe\n LR, \n \n Marshall\n CJ, \n \n Bentz\n JS. \n \n One hundred percent thorough quality control rescreening of liquid-based monolayers in cervicovaginal cytopathology. Cancer. 2002;96(6):325\u2013329."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b05","series-title":"Diagn Cytopathol","first-page":"84","article-title":"Evaluation of the 10% rescreen of negative gynecologic smears as a quality assurance measure","volume":"14","author":"Tabbara\n SO,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tabbara\n SO, \n \n Sidawy\n MK. \n \n Evaluation of the 10% rescreen of negative gynecologic smears as a quality assurance measure. 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Clin Lab Manage Rev. 1998;12(2):91\u201396."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b08","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"1557","article-title":"Prevalence of abnormalities influences cytologists' error rates in screening for cervical cancer","volume":"135","author":"Evans\n KK,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Evans\n KK, \n \n Tambouret\n RH, \n \n Evered\n A, \n \n Wilbur\n DC, \n \n Wolfe\n JM. \n \n Prevalence of abnormalities influences cytologists' error rates in screening for cervical cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2011;135(12):1557\u20131560."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b09","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"106","article-title":"The human false-negative rate of rescreening Pap tests; measured in a two-arm prospective clinical trial","volume":"93","author":"Renshaw\n AA,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Renshaw\n AA, \n \n Lezon\n KM, \n \n Wilbur\n DC. \n \n The human false-negative rate of rescreening Pap tests; measured in a two-arm prospective clinical trial. Cancer. 2001;93(2):106\u2013110."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b10","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"272","article-title":"A more accurate measure of the false-negative rate of Papanicolaou smear screening is obtained by determining the false-negative rate of the rescreening process","volume":"81","author":"Renshaw\n AA,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Renshaw\n AA, \n \n DiNisco\n SA, \n \n Minter\n LJ, \n \n Cibas\n ES. \n \n A more accurate measure of the false-negative rate of Papanicolaou smear screening is obtained by determining the false-negative rate of the rescreening process. Cancer. 1997;81(5):272\u2013276."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b11","series-title":"Acta Cytol","first-page":"461","article-title":"Reevaluation of quality assurance in the cytology laboratory","volume":"36","author":"Melamed\n MR,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Melamed\n MR, \n \n Flehinger\n BJ. \n \n Reevaluation of quality assurance in the cytology laboratory. Acta Cytol. 1992;36(4):461\u2013465."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b12","series-title":"Am J Clin Pathol","first-page":"601","article-title":"Cost effectiveness of rescreening cervicovaginal smears","volume":"111","author":"Raab\n SS,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Raab\n SS, \n \n Bishop\n NS, \n \n Zaleski\n MS. \n \n Cost effectiveness of rescreening cervicovaginal smears. Am J Clin Pathol. 1999;111(5):601\u2013609."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b13","series-title":"Acta Cytol","first-page":"271","article-title":"Comparison of false negative rates between 100% rapid review and 10% random full rescreening as internal quality control methods in cervical cytology screening","volume":"53","author":"Lee\n BCK,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee\n BCK, \n \n Lam\n SY, \n \n Walker\n T. \n \n Comparison of false negative rates between 100% rapid review and 10% random full rescreening as internal quality control methods in cervical cytology screening. Acta Cytol. 2009;53(3):271\u2013276."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b14","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"294","article-title":"Assuring the quality of quality assurance: seeding abnormal slides into the negative Papanicolaou smears that will be rapid rescreened","volume":"114","author":"Clarke\n J,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Clarke\n J, \n \n Thurloe\n JK, \n \n Bowditch\n RC, \n \n Roberts\n JM. \n \n Assuring the quality of quality assurance: seeding abnormal slides into the negative Papanicolaou smears that will be rapid rescreened. Cancer. 2008;114(5):294\u2013299."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b15","series-title":"J Clin Pathol","first-page":"385","article-title":"High-risk human papillomavirus is present in cytologically false-negative smears: an analysis of \u201cnormal\u201d smears preceding CIN2\/3","volume":"61","author":"Bulk\n S,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bulk\n S, \n \n Rozendaal\n L, \n \n Zielinski\n GD, \n et al\n . High-risk human papillomavirus is present in cytologically false-negative smears: an analysis of \u201cnormal\u201d smears preceding CIN2\/3. J Clin Pathol. 2008;61(3):385\u2013389."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b16","series-title":"Diagn Cytopathol","first-page":"135","article-title":"High grade squamous cervical lesions following negative Papanicolaou smears: false-negative cervical cytology or rapid progression","volume":"12","author":"Hatem\n F,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hatem\n F, \n \n Wilbur\n DC. \n \n High grade squamous cervical lesions following negative Papanicolaou smears: false-negative cervical cytology or rapid progression. 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Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1996;120(6):519\u2013522."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"i1543-2165-137-2-175-b34","series-title":"Prev Med","first-page":"93","article-title":"Process of care failures in invasive cervical cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Spence\n AR,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Spence\n AR, \n \n Goggin\n P, \n \n Franco\n EL. \n \n Process of care failures in invasive cervical cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. 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