{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T22:51:19Z","timestamp":1778885479041,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Context<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\u2014Urothelial tumors are rare in young patients. Because of their rarity, the natural history of the disease in young patients remains poorly understood.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\u2014To understand the pathologic and clinical features of urothelial tumors of the urinary bladder in young patients.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Design<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\u2014We identified 59 young patients with urothelial tumors of the urinary bladder treated at our institution and analyzed the tumors' pathologic features and the patients' clinical outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\u2014All patients were 30 years or younger, with a mean age of 23.5 years (range, 4\u201330). Thirty-eight patients (64%) were male, and 21 (36%) were female. Most tumors were noninvasive, papillary urothelial tumors (49 of 59; 83%), including papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential (7 of 49; 14%), low-grade papillary urothelial carcinomas (38 of 49; 78%), and high-grade papillary urothelial carcinomas (4 of 49; 8%). Only a few (n = 10) of the urothelial tumors were invasive, invading the lamina propria (n = 5; 50%), muscularis propria (n = 4; 40%), or perivesical soft tissue (n = 1; 10%). Clinical follow-up information was available for 41 patients (69%), with a mean follow-up time of 77 months. Of 31 patients with noninvasive papillary urothelial tumors, only 1 patient (3%) later developed an invasive urothelial carcinoma and died of the disease, and 30 of these patients (97%) were alive at the end of follow-up, although 10 (32%) had local tumor recurrences. In the 10 patients with invasive urothelial carcinomas, 3 patients (30%) died of the disease and 5 others (50%) were alive with metastases (the other 2 [20%] were alive with no recurrence).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\u2014Urothelial tumors in young patients are mostly noninvasive, papillary carcinomas and have an excellent prognosis; however, a small subset of patients may present with high-grade invasive urothelial carcinomas that result in poor clinical outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2012-0322-oa","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,30]],"date-time":"2013-09-30T12:44:41Z","timestamp":1380545081000},"page":"1337-1341","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Urothelial Tumors of the Urinary Bladder in Young Patients: A Clinicopathologic Study of 59 Cases"],"prefix":"10.5858","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Melissa L.","family":"Stanton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bogdan A.","family":"Czerniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles C.","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3906","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-10-1337-b01","series-title":"CA Cancer J Clin","first-page":"10","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2012","volume":"62","author":"Siegel\n              R,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Siegel\n              R, \n            \n              Naishadham\n              D, \n            \n              Jemal\n              A. \n          \n          Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012;62(1):10\u201329."},{"key":"i1543-2165-137-10-1337-b02","series-title":"Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs","first-page":"90","author":"Eble\n              JN,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eble\n              JN, \n            \n              Sauter\n              G, \n            \n              Epstein\n              JI, \n            \n              Sesterhenn\n              IA, \n          \n          eds. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs. Lyon, France: IARC Press;2004:90\u2013157. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours; vol 6."},{"issue":"1\u20136","key":"i1543-2165-137-10-1337-b03","series-title":"Cancer Biomark","first-page":"159","article-title":"Molecular pathology and biomarkers of bladder cancer","volume":"9","author":"Czerniak\n              B.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Czerniak\n              B. \n          \n          Molecular pathology and biomarkers of bladder cancer. Cancer Biomark. 2010;9(1\u20136):159\u2013176."},{"key":"i1543-2165-137-10-1337-b04","series-title":"SEER cancer statistics review, bladder section","author":"Howlader\n              N,","year":"1975","unstructured":"Howlader\n              N, \n            \n              Noone\n              AM, \n            \n              Krapcho\n              M, \n          \n          et al, eds. SEER cancer statistics review, bladder section, 1975\u20132008. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. http:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/csr\/1975_2008\/. Accessed November 7, 2011."},{"issue":"5, pt 2","key":"i1543-2165-137-10-1337-b05","series-title":"Br J Urol","first-page":"749","article-title":"Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in young adults","volume":"72","author":"Kutarski\n              PW,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kutarski\n              PW, \n            \n              Padwell\n              A. \n          \n          Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in young adults. Br J Urol. 1993;72(5, pt 2):749\u2013755."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-10-1337-b06","series-title":"Urol Int","first-page":"81","article-title":"Bladder carcinoma in patients less than 40 years of age","volume":"44","author":"Witjes\n              JA,","year":"1989","unstructured":"Witjes\n              JA, \n            \n              Debruyne\n              FM. \n          \n          Bladder carcinoma in patients less than 40 years of age. Urol Int. 1989;44(2):81\u201383."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-137-10-1337-b07","series-title":"BJU Int","first-page":"311","article-title":"Superficial papillary urothelial carcinomas in young and elderly patients: a comparative study","volume":"94","author":"Migaldi\n              M,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Migaldi\n              M, \n            \n              Rossi\n              G, \n            \n              Maiorana\n              G, \n            et al\n          . Superficial papillary urothelial carcinomas in young and elderly patients: a comparative study. BJU Int. 2004;94(3):311\u2013316."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-10-1337-b08","series-title":"J Urol","first-page":"172","article-title":"Carcinoma of the bladder in patients less than 40 years old","volume":"120","author":"Johnson\n              DE,","year":"1978","unstructured":"Johnson\n              DE, \n            \n              Hillis\n              S. \n          \n          Carcinoma of the bladder in patients less than 40 years old. J Urol. 1978;120(2):172\u2013173."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1543-2165-137-10-1337-b09","series-title":"J Urol","first-page":"706","article-title":"Primary epithelial tumors of the bladder in the first two decades of life","volume":"101","author":"Javadpour\n              N,","year":"1969","unstructured":"Javadpour\n              N, \n            \n              Mostofi\n              FK. \n          \n          Primary epithelial tumors of the bladder in the first two decades of life. J Urol. 1969;101(5):706\u2013710."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-10-1337-b10","series-title":"J Urol","first-page":"54","article-title":"Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in children and adolescents","volume":"130","author":"Benson\n              RC\n              Jr,","year":"1983","unstructured":"Benson\n              RC\n              Jr, \n            \n              Tomera\n              KM, \n            \n              Kelalis\n              PP. \n          \n          Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in children and adolescents. 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J Urol. 1986;135(1):53\u201354."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1543-2165-137-10-1337-b12","series-title":"J Urol","first-page":"933","article-title":"Long-term followup of patients less than 30 years old with transitional cell carcinoma of bladder","volume":"139","author":"Madgar\n              I,","year":"1988","unstructured":"Madgar\n              I, \n            \n              Goldwasser\n              B, \n            \n              Nativ\n              O, \n            \n              Hanani\n              Y, \n            \n              Jonas\n              P. \n          \n          Long-term followup of patients less than 30 years old with transitional cell carcinoma of bladder. J Urol. 1988;139(5):933\u2013934."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-10-1337-b13","series-title":"J Urol","first-page":"61","article-title":"Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in young adults: presentation, natural history and outcome","volume":"168","author":"Yossepowitch\n              O,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yossepowitch\n              O, \n            \n              Dalbagni\n              G. \n          \n          Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in young adults: presentation, natural history and outcome. J Urol. 2002;168(1):61\u201366."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-10-1337-b14","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"178","article-title":"Bladder carcinoma in patients age 40 years or younger","volume":"64","author":"Wan\n              J,","year":"1989","unstructured":"Wan\n              J, \n            \n              Grossman\n              HB. \n          \n          Bladder carcinoma in patients age 40 years or younger. Cancer. 1989;64(1):178\u2013181."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-10-1337-b15","series-title":"Urology","first-page":"57","article-title":"Neoplasms of transitional cell origin in first twenty years of life","volume":"1","author":"McGuire\n              EJ,","year":"1973","unstructured":"McGuire\n              EJ, \n            \n              Weiss\n              RM, \n            \n              Baskin\n              AM. \n          \n          Neoplasms of transitional cell origin in first twenty years of life. 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J Urol. 2005;174(5):1976\u20131980."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1543-2165-137-10-1337-b18","series-title":"Int Urol Nephrol","first-page":"655","article-title":"Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in patients under 40 years of age","volume":"31","author":"Ozbey\n              I,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ozbey\n              I, \n            \n              Aksoy\n              Y, \n            \n              Bi\u00e7gi\n              O, \n            \n              Polat\n              O, \n            \n              Okyar\n              G. \n          \n          Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in patients under 40 years of age. Int Urol Nephrol. 1999;31(5):655\u2013659."},{"key":"i1543-2165-137-10-1337-b19","series-title":"AJCC Cancer Staging Handbook: From the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 7th ed","first-page":"497","author":"Edge\n              SB,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Edge\n              SB, \n            \n              Byrd\n              DR, \n            \n              Compton\n              CC, \n            \n              Fritz\n              AG, \n            \n              Greene\n              FL, \n            \n              Trotti\n              A, \n          \n          eds. AJCC Cancer Staging Handbook: From the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 7th ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag;2010:497\u2013505."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-10-1337-b20","series-title":"Adv Anat Pathol","first-page":"79","article-title":"Urothelial neoplasms of the urinary bladder occurring in young adult and pediatric patients: a comprehensive review of literature with implications for patient management","volume":"18","author":"Paner\n              GP,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Paner\n              GP, \n            \n              Zehnder\n              P, \n            \n              Amin\n              AM, \n            \n              Husain\n              AN, \n            \n              Desai\n              MM. \n          \n          Urothelial neoplasms of the urinary bladder occurring in young adult and pediatric patients: a comprehensive review of literature with implications for patient management. Adv Anat Pathol. 2011;18(1):79\u201389."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-10-1337-b21","series-title":"J Pathol","first-page":"18","article-title":"Genomic aberrations are rare in urothelial neoplasms of patients 19 years or younger","volume":"211","author":"Wild\n              PJ,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wild\n              PJ, \n            \n              Giedl\n              J, \n            \n              Stoehr\n              R, \n            et al\n          . Genomic aberrations are rare in urothelial neoplasms of patients 19 years or younger. J Pathol. 2007;211(1):18\u201325."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-10-1337-b22","series-title":"J Urol","first-page":"459","article-title":"Low frequency of epigenetic events in urothelial tumors in young patients","volume":"184","author":"Owen\n              HC,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Owen\n              HC, \n            \n              Giedl\n              J, \n            \n              Wild\n              PJ, \n            et al\n          . Low frequency of epigenetic events in urothelial tumors in young patients. 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CA Cancer J Clin. 2012;62(1):10\u201329."},{"key":"i1543-2165-137-10-1337-b02","series-title":"Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs","first-page":"90","author":"Eble\n              JN,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eble\n              JN, \n            \n              Sauter\n              G, \n            \n              Epstein\n              JI, \n            \n              Sesterhenn\n              IA, \n          \n          eds. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs. Lyon, France: IARC Press;2004:90\u2013157. 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J Urol. 1988;139(5):933\u2013934."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-10-1337-b13","series-title":"J Urol","first-page":"61","article-title":"Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in young adults: presentation, natural history and outcome","volume":"168","author":"Yossepowitch\n              O,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yossepowitch\n              O, \n            \n              Dalbagni\n              G. \n          \n          Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in young adults: presentation, natural history and outcome. J Urol. 2002;168(1):61\u201366."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-10-1337-b14","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"178","article-title":"Bladder carcinoma in patients age 40 years or younger","volume":"64","author":"Wan\n              J,","year":"1989","unstructured":"Wan\n              J, \n            \n              Grossman\n              HB. \n          \n          Bladder carcinoma in patients age 40 years or younger. 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Int Urol Nephrol. 1999;31(5):655\u2013659."},{"key":"i1543-2165-137-10-1337-b19","series-title":"AJCC Cancer Staging Handbook: From the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 7th ed","first-page":"497","author":"Edge\n              SB,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Edge\n              SB, \n            \n              Byrd\n              DR, \n            \n              Compton\n              CC, \n            \n              Fritz\n              AG, \n            \n              Greene\n              FL, \n            \n              Trotti\n              A, \n          \n          eds. AJCC Cancer Staging Handbook: From the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 7th ed. 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