{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T18:18:07Z","timestamp":1791483487162,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"\n Context.<\/jats:italic>\n \u2014Myeloid sarcoma of the head and neck region can pose diagnostic challenges because of the low frequency of myeloid sarcoma and the potential for tumors of almost any lineage to occur in the head and neck.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n \u2014To study the clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of myeloid sarcoma in the head and neck region and to review the differential diagnosis.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Design.<\/jats:italic>\n \u2014We searched for cases of myeloid sarcoma involving the head and neck region for a 24-year period at our institution. The medical records and pathology slides were reviewed. Additional immunohistochemical stains were performed.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Results.<\/jats:italic>\n \u2014We identified 17 patients, age 17 to 85 years. Most tumors involved the oral cavity. Myeloid sarcoma was the initial diagnosis in 9 patients (53%); the remaining 8 patients (47%) had a history of bone marrow disease. Immunohistochemical analysis using antibodies specific for lysozyme, CD43, and CD68 were highly sensitive for diagnosis but were not specific. By contrast, assessment for myeloperoxidase in this study was less sensitive but more specific. We also used antibodies specific for CD11c and CD33 in a subset of cases, and these reagents seem helpful as well.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusions.<\/jats:italic>\n \u2014The clinical presentation of myeloid sarcoma involving the head and neck, particularly the mouth, is often nonspecific, and a high degree of suspicion for the possibility of myeloid sarcoma is needed. Immunohistochemistry is very helpful for establishing the diagnosis.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2012-0537-oa","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,26]],"date-time":"2013-03-26T15:23:19Z","timestamp":1364311399000},"page":"1560-1568","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Myeloid Sarcoma of the Head and Neck Region"],"prefix":"10.5858","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Jane","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. Jeffrey","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3906","reference":[{"key":"i1543-2165-137-11-1560-b01","series-title":"WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. 4th ed","first-page":"140","article-title":"Myeloid sarcoma","author":"Pileri\n SA,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pileri\n SA, \n \n Orazi\n A, \n \n Falini\n B. \n \n Myeloid sarcoma. SwerdlowSH, CampoE, HarrisNL, et al., eds. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. 4th ed. Lyon, France: IARC Press;2008:140\u2013141."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-137-11-1560-b02","series-title":"Am J Clin Pathol","first-page":"426","article-title":"Myeloid sarcoma: extramedullary manifestation of myeloid disorders","volume":"132","author":"Campidelli\n C,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Campidelli\n C, \n \n Agostinelli\n C, \n \n Stitson\n R, \n \n Pileri\n SA. \n \n Myeloid sarcoma: extramedullary manifestation of myeloid disorders. Am J Clin Pathol. 2009;132(3):426\u2013437."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-11-1560-b03","series-title":"Leukemia","first-page":"340","article-title":"Myeloid sarcoma: clinico-pathologic, phenotypic, and cytogenetic analysis of 92 adult patients","volume":"21","author":"Pileri\n SA,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pileri\n SA, \n \n Ascani\n S, \n \n Cox\n MC, \n et al\n . Myeloid sarcoma: clinico-pathologic, phenotypic, and cytogenetic analysis of 92 adult patients. 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Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1995;119(9):790\u2013798."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-137-11-1560-b05","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"1426","article-title":"Granulocytic sarcoma: a clinicopathologic study of 61 biopsied cases","volume":"48","author":"Neiman\n RS,","year":"1981","unstructured":"Neiman\n RS, \n \n Barcos\n M, \n \n Berard\n C, \n et al\n . Granulocytic sarcoma: a clinicopathologic study of 61 biopsied cases. 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Am J Clin Pathol. 2005;124(3):445\u2013452."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1543-2165-137-11-1560-b08","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"2569","article-title":"Intraoral granulocytic sarcoma: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"68","author":"Pau\n M,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pau\n M, \n \n Beham-Schmid\n C, \n \n Zemann\n W, \n \n Kahr\n H, \n \n K\u00e4rcher\n H. \n \n Intraoral granulocytic sarcoma: a case report and review of the literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;68(10):2569\u20132574."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-11-1560-b09","series-title":"Head Neck Pathol","first-page":"132","article-title":"Acute myeloid leukaemia diagnosed by intra-oral myeloid sarcoma: a case report","volume":"4","author":"Papamanthos\n MK,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Papamanthos\n MK, \n \n Kolokotronis\n AE, \n \n Skulakis\n HE, \n \n Fericean\n AM, \n \n Zorba\n MT, \n \n Matiakis\n AT. \n \n Acute myeloid leukaemia diagnosed by intra-oral myeloid sarcoma: a case report. Head Neck Pathol. 2010;4(2):132\u2013135."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-137-11-1560-b10","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"330","article-title":"Rapidly progressing mass of anterior mandible following a dental extraction","volume":"109","author":"Fasanmade\n A,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fasanmade\n A, \n \n Pring\n M, \n \n Pawade\n J, \n \n Guest\n P, \n \n Bell\n C. \n \n Rapidly progressing mass of anterior mandible following a dental extraction. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010;109(3):330\u2013334."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1543-2165-137-11-1560-b11","series-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal","first-page":"E232","article-title":"Oral granulocytic sarcoma: a case report","volume":"14","author":"Osterne\n RL,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Osterne\n RL, \n \n Matos-Brito\n RG, \n \n Alves\n AP, \n et al\n . Oral granulocytic sarcoma: a case report. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2009;14(5):E232\u2013235."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-137-11-1560-b12","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2006.12.028","article-title":"Intraoral granulocytic sarcoma presenting as multiple maxillary and mandibular masses: a case report and literature review","volume":"103","author":"Xie\n Z,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Xie\n Z, \n \n Zhang\n F, \n \n Song\n E, \n \n Ge\n W, \n \n Zhu\n F, \n \n Hu\n J. \n \n Intraoral granulocytic sarcoma presenting as multiple maxillary and mandibular masses: a case report and literature review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;103(6):e44\u201348. doi:10.1016\/j.tripleo.2006.12.028."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-137-11-1560-b13","series-title":"Int J Lab Hematol","first-page":"555","article-title":"State of the art in myeloid sarcoma","volume":"33","author":"Klco\n JM,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Klco\n JM, \n \n Welch\n JS, \n \n Nguyen\n TT, \n et al\n . State of the art in myeloid sarcoma. Int J Lab Hematol. 2011;33(6):555\u2013565."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1543-2165-137-11-1560-b14","series-title":"J Cutan Pathol","first-page":"945","article-title":"Use of classic and novel immunohistochemical markers in the diagnosis of cutaneous myeloid sarcoma","volume":"38","author":"Amador-Ortiz\n C,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Amador-Ortiz\n C, \n \n Hurley\n MY, \n \n Ghahramani\n GK, \n et al\n . Use of classic and novel immunohistochemical markers in the diagnosis of cutaneous myeloid sarcoma. J Cutan Pathol. 2011;38(12):945\u2013953."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-11-1560-b15","series-title":"Am J Clin Pathol","first-page":"316","article-title":"CD33 detection by immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded tissues: a new antibody shows excellent specificity and sensitivity for cells on myelomonocytic lineage","volume":"129","author":"Hoyer\n JD,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hoyer\n JD, \n \n Grogg\n KL, \n \n Hanson\n CA, \n \n Gamez\n JD, \n \n Dogan\n A. \n \n CD33 detection by immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded tissues: a new antibody shows excellent specificity and sensitivity for cells on myelomonocytic lineage. Am J Clin Pathol. 2008;129(2):316\u2013323."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-137-11-1560-b16","series-title":"Am J Clin Pathol","first-page":"628","article-title":"The expression of myeloid antigens CD13 and\/or CD33 is a marker of ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphomas","volume":"130","author":"Bovio\n IM,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bovio\n IM, \n \n Allan\n RW. \n \n The expression of myeloid antigens CD13 and\/or CD33 is a marker of ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphomas. Am J Clin Pathol. 2008;130(4):628\u2013634."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1543-2165-137-11-1560-b17","series-title":"Am J Surg Pathol","first-page":"1480","article-title":"Precursor B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma: a predominantly extranodal tumor with low propensity for leukemic involvement","volume":"24","author":"Lin\n P,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lin\n P, \n \n Jones\n D, \n \n Dorfman\n DM, \n \n Medeiros\n LJ. \n \n Precursor B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma: a predominantly extranodal tumor with low propensity for leukemic involvement. Am J Surg Pathol. 2000;24(11):1480\u20131490."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-137-11-1560-b18","series-title":"Diagn Mol Pathol","first-page":"236","article-title":"Myeloperoxidase mRNA analysis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"5","author":"Crisan\n D,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Crisan\n D, \n \n Topalovski\n M, \n \n O'Malley\n B. \n \n Myeloperoxidase mRNA analysis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Diagn Mol Pathol. 1996;5(4):236\u2013248."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-137-11-1560-b19","series-title":"Am J Clin Pathol","first-page":"367","article-title":"Immunophenotypic analysis of myeloperoxidase-negative leukemia cutis and blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm","volume":"137","author":"Cronin\n DM,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cronin\n DM, \n \n George\n TI, \n \n Reichard\n KK, \n \n Sundram\n UN. \n \n Immunophenotypic analysis of myeloperoxidase-negative leukemia cutis and blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm. Am J Clin Pathol. 2012;137(3):367\u2013376."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-11-1560-b20","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"315","article-title":"Acute myelomonocytic leukemia with histologic features resembling sarcomatoid carcinoma in bone marrow","volume":"124","author":"Hamoudi\n WH,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hamoudi\n WH, \n \n Medeiros\n LJ, \n \n Townsend\n G, \n \n Glassman\n AB, \n \n Bueso-Ramos\n CE. \n \n Acute myelomonocytic leukemia with histologic features resembling sarcomatoid carcinoma in bone marrow. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000;124(2):315\u2013318."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1543-2165-137-11-1560-b21","series-title":"Pathol Res Pract","first-page":"497","article-title":"Comparative immunoreactivity of CD-68 and HMB-45 in malignant melanoma, neural tumors and nevi","volume":"193","author":"Shah\n IA,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Shah\n IA, \n \n Gani\n OS, \n \n Wheler\n L. \n \n Comparative immunoreactivity of CD-68 and HMB-45 in malignant melanoma, neural tumors and nevi. Pathol Res Pract. 1997;193(7):497\u2013502."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-137-11-1560-b22","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"1370","article-title":"Myeloid sarcoma is associated with superior event-free survival and overall survival compared with acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"113","author":"Tsimberidou\n AM,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tsimberidou\n AM, \n \n Kantarjian\n HM, \n \n Wen\n S, \n et al\n . Myeloid sarcoma is associated with superior event-free survival and overall survival compared with acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer. 2008;113(6):1370\u20131378."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1543-2165-137-11-1560-b23","series-title":"Sci","first-page":"1513","article-title":"Clinical significance of granulocytic sarcoma in adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer","volume":"103","author":"Shimizu\n H,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shimizu\n H, \n \n Saitoh\n T, \n \n Hatsumi\n N, \n et al\n . Clinical significance of granulocytic sarcoma in adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer. Sci2012;103(8):1513\u20131517."},{"key":"i1543-2165-137-11-1560-b01","series-title":"WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. 4th ed","first-page":"140","article-title":"Myeloid sarcoma","author":"Pileri\n SA,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pileri\n SA, \n \n Orazi\n A, \n \n Falini\n B. \n \n Myeloid sarcoma. SwerdlowSH, CampoE, HarrisNL, et al., eds. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. 4th ed. Lyon, France: IARC Press;2008:140\u2013141."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-137-11-1560-b02","series-title":"Am J Clin Pathol","first-page":"426","article-title":"Myeloid sarcoma: extramedullary manifestation of myeloid disorders","volume":"132","author":"Campidelli\n C,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Campidelli\n C, \n \n Agostinelli\n C, \n \n Stitson\n R, \n \n Pileri\n SA. \n \n Myeloid sarcoma: extramedullary manifestation of myeloid disorders. Am J Clin Pathol. 2009;132(3):426\u2013437."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-11-1560-b03","series-title":"Leukemia","first-page":"340","article-title":"Myeloid sarcoma: clinico-pathologic, phenotypic, and cytogenetic analysis of 92 adult patients","volume":"21","author":"Pileri\n SA,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pileri\n SA, \n \n Ascani\n S, \n \n Cox\n MC, \n et al\n . 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Am J Clin Pathol. 2005;124(3):445\u2013452."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1543-2165-137-11-1560-b08","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"2569","article-title":"Intraoral granulocytic sarcoma: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"68","author":"Pau\n M,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pau\n M, \n \n Beham-Schmid\n C, \n \n Zemann\n W, \n \n Kahr\n H, \n \n K\u00e4rcher\n H. \n \n Intraoral granulocytic sarcoma: a case report and review of the literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;68(10):2569\u20132574."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-11-1560-b09","series-title":"Head Neck Pathol","first-page":"132","article-title":"Acute myeloid leukaemia diagnosed by intra-oral myeloid sarcoma: a case report","volume":"4","author":"Papamanthos\n MK,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Papamanthos\n MK, \n \n Kolokotronis\n AE, \n \n Skulakis\n HE, \n \n Fericean\n AM, \n \n Zorba\n MT, \n \n Matiakis\n AT. \n \n Acute myeloid leukaemia diagnosed by intra-oral myeloid sarcoma: a case report. 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