{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T22:06:46Z","timestamp":1790114806346,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"\n Sclerosing Angiomatoid Nodular Transformation (SANT) of the spleen is a rare benign lesion of the spleen with unknown etiology. SANT is classically considered to be a female-predominant disease, with most of the patients in the 30- to 60-year age group. Most lesions are found incidentally on imaging. Although SANT has specific imaging findings, the differential diagnosis from other splenic tumors or malignant lesions is very difficult. Histopathologically, these tumors reveal multiple confluent angiomatoid nodules; these nodules are surrounded by concentric collagen fibers exhibiting an inflammatory and myofibroblastic response and are accompanied by numerous erythrocytes and siderophages. The nodules are populated by endothelial cells, phenotypically recapitulating normal splenic vasculature, such as sinusoids, capillaries, and small veins. Nuclear atypia is minimal, mitotic figures are extremely rare, and necrosis is consistently absent. This lesion has a unique immunohistochemical profile characterized by CD34\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n CD31\n +<\/jats:sup>\n CD8\n +<\/jats:sup>\n sinusoids, CD34\n +<\/jats:sup>\n CD31\n +<\/jats:sup>\n CD8\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n capillaries, and CD34\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n CD31\n +<\/jats:sup>\n CD8\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n small veins. CD68 is positive in macrophages. Splenectomy is a useful and effective technique for the management of SANT. SANT patients have a good prognosis, with no recurrence after splenectomy. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of SANT of the spleen and its clinical relevance.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2012-0601-rs","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,30]],"date-time":"2013-08-30T16:18:18Z","timestamp":1377879498000},"page":"1309-1312","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Sclerosing Angiomatoid Nodular Transformation of the Spleen"],"prefix":"10.5858","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Dinesh","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From Pushpanjali Crosslay Hospital, Ghaziabad, Delhi, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sambit K.","family":"Mohanty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Pushpanjali Crosslay Hospital, Ghaziabad, Delhi, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3906","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"i1543-2165-137-9-1309-b01","series-title":"Am J Surg Pathol","first-page":"1268","article-title":"Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT): report of 25 cases of a distinctive benign splenic lesion","volume":"28","author":"Martel\n M,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Martel\n M, \n \n Cheuk\n W, \n \n Lombardi\n L, \n \n Lifschitz-Mercer\n B, \n \n Chan\n JK, \n \n Rosai\n J. \n \n Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT): report of 25 cases of a distinctive benign splenic lesion. Am J Surg Pathol. 2004;28(10):1268\u20131279."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-137-9-1309-b02","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"974","article-title":"Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen","volume":"131","author":"Awamleh\n AA,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Awamleh\n AA, \n \n Perez-Ordonez\n B. \n \n Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2007;131(6):974\u2013978."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1543-2165-137-9-1309-b03","series-title":"J Pediatr Surg","first-page":"E13","article-title":"Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen in an adolescent with chronic abdominal pain","volume":"45","author":"Bamboat\n ZM,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bamboat\n ZM, \n \n Masiakos\n PT. \n \n Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen in an adolescent with chronic abdominal pain. J Pediatr Surg. 2010;45(7):E13\u2013E16."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1543-2165-137-9-1309-b04","series-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep","first-page":"492","article-title":"Sclerosing Angiomatoid Nodular Transformation (SANT) of the spleen: case report and review of the literature","volume":"3","author":"Falk\n GA,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Falk\n GA, \n \n Nooli\n NP, \n \n Morris-Stiff\n G, \n \n Plesec\n TP, \n \n Rosenblatt\n S. \n \n Sclerosing Angiomatoid Nodular Transformation (SANT) of the spleen: case report and review of the literature. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2012;3(10):492\u2013500."},{"issue":"13","key":"i1543-2165-137-9-1309-b05","series-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)","first-page":"2386","article-title":"Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen: report of five cases and review of literature","volume":"125","author":"Wang\n HL,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang\n HL, \n \n Li\n KW, \n \n Wang\n J. \n \n Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen: report of five cases and review of literature. Chin Med J (Engl). 2012;125(13):2386\u20132389."},{"issue":"29","key":"i1543-2165-137-9-1309-b06","series-title":"World J Gastroenterol","first-page":"3727","article-title":"Ultrasonography of sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation in the spleen","volume":"16","author":"Cao\n JY,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cao\n JY, \n \n Zhang\n H, \n \n Wang\n WP. \n \n Ultrasonography of sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation in the spleen. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(29):3727\u20133730."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-9-1309-b07","series-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr","first-page":"206","article-title":"Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen: multimodality imaging findings and pathologic correlate","volume":"34","author":"Subhawong\n TK,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Subhawong\n TK, \n \n Subhawong\n AP, \n \n Kamel\n I. \n \n Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen: multimodality imaging findings and pathologic correlate. 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Detection of Epstein\u2013Barr virus-encoded small RNA-expressed myofibroblasts and IgG4-producing plasma cells in sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen. Virchows Arch. 2008;453(3):275\u2013282."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-137-9-1309-b12","series-title":"Histopathology","first-page":"299","article-title":"Is sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) of the splenic red pulp identical to inflammatory pseudotumor?: report of 16 cases","volume":"53","author":"Diebold\n J,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Diebold\n J, \n \n Le Tourneau\n A, \n \n Marmey\n B, \n et al\n . Is sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) of the splenic red pulp identical to inflammatory pseudotumor?: report of 16 cases. 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Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2011;54(4):829\u2013831."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-9-1309-b14","series-title":"Pathology","first-page":"181","article-title":"F-18 FDG-avid sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) of the spleen: case study and literature review","volume":"39","author":"Lee\n D,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee\n D, \n \n Wood\n B, \n \n Formby\n M, \n \n Cho\n T. \n \n F-18 FDG-avid sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) of the spleen: case study and literature review. Pathology. 2007;39(1):181\u2013183."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-137-9-1309-b15","series-title":"Am J Surg Pathol","first-page":"839","article-title":"Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) of the spleen: addition of a case with focal CD68 staining and distinctive CT features","volume":"29","author":"Li\n L,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Li\n L, \n \n Fisher\n DA, \n \n Stanek\n AE. \n \n Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) of the spleen: addition of a case with focal CD68 staining and distinctive CT features. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29(6):839\u2013841."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-137-9-1309-b16","series-title":"Histopathology","first-page":"495","article-title":"Predominance of IgG4+ plasma cells and CD68 positivity in sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT)","volume":"53","author":"Nagai\n Y,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nagai\n Y, \n \n Hayama\n N, \n \n Kishimoto\n T, \n et al\n . Predominance of IgG4+ plasma cells and CD68 positivity in sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT). Histopathology. 2008;53(4):495\u2013498."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-9-1309-b17","series-title":"Cytopathology","first-page":"129","article-title":"Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) of spleen: a case report describing cytology, histology, immunoprofile and differential diagnosis","volume":"23","author":"Onder\n S,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Onder\n S, \n \n Kosemehmetoglu\n K, \n \n Himmetoglu\n C, \n \n Firat\n P, \n \n Uner\n A. \n \n Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) of spleen: a case report describing cytology, histology, immunoprofile and differential diagnosis. Cytopathology. 2012;23(2):129\u2013132."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-137-9-1309-b18","series-title":"Rare Tumors","article-title":"Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen masquerading as a sarcoma metastasis","volume":"2","author":"Sitaraman\n LM,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sitaraman\n LM, \n \n Linn\n JG, \n \n Matkowskyj\n KA, \n \n Wayne\n JD. \n \n Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen masquerading as a sarcoma metastasis. Rare Tumors. 2010;2(4):e45."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-137-9-1309-b19","series-title":"Radiographics","first-page":"1137","article-title":"From the archives of the AFIP: primary vascular neoplasms of the spleen: radiologic-pathologic correlation","volume":"24","author":"Abbott\n RM,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Abbott\n RM, \n \n Levy\n AD, \n \n Aguilera\n NS, \n \n Gorospe\n L, \n \n Thompson\n WM. \n \n From the archives of the AFIP: primary vascular neoplasms of the spleen: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2004;24(4):1137\u20131163."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-9-1309-b20","series-title":"Diagn Cytopathol","first-page":"82","article-title":"Fine-needle aspiration cytology of splenic hamartoma","volume":"28","author":"Lee\n SH.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lee\n SH. \n \n Fine-needle aspiration cytology of splenic hamartoma. Diagn Cytopathol. 2003;28(2):82\u201385."},{"issue":"48","key":"i1543-2165-137-9-1309-b21","series-title":"World J Gastroenterol","first-page":"6603","article-title":"Littoral-cell angioma of the spleen: a case report","volume":"13","author":"Cosme\n A,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cosme\n A, \n \n Tejada\n A, \n \n Bujanda\n L, \n et al\n . Littoral-cell angioma of the spleen: a case report. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13(48):6603\u20136604."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1543-2165-137-9-1309-b22","series-title":"Am J Surg Pathol","first-page":"827","article-title":"Splenic vascular tumors: a histologic, immunophenotypic, and virologic study","volume":"21","author":"Arber\n DA,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Arber\n DA, \n \n Strickler\n JG, \n \n Chen\n YY, \n \n Weiss\n LM. \n \n Splenic vascular tumors: a histologic, immunophenotypic, and virologic study. 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Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2009;133(1):147\u2013151."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1543-2165-137-9-1309-b25","series-title":"Am J Surg Pathol","first-page":"785","article-title":"Epithelioid and spindle-cell hemangioendothelioma of the spleen: report of a distinctive splenic vascular neoplasm of childhood","volume":"16","author":"Suster\n S.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Suster\n S. \n \n Epithelioid and spindle-cell hemangioendothelioma of the spleen: report of a distinctive splenic vascular neoplasm of childhood. Am J Surg Pathol. 1992;16(8):785\u2013792."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1543-2165-137-9-1309-b26","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"755","article-title":"Functional hyposplenism due to a primary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the spleen","volume":"119","author":"Budke\n HL,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Budke\n HL, \n \n Breitfeld\n PP, \n \n Neiman\n RS. \n \n Functional hyposplenism due to a primary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the spleen. 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Am J Surg Pathol. 2004;28(10):1268\u20131279."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-137-9-1309-b02","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"974","article-title":"Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen","volume":"131","author":"Awamleh\n AA,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Awamleh\n AA, \n \n Perez-Ordonez\n B. \n \n Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2007;131(6):974\u2013978."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1543-2165-137-9-1309-b03","series-title":"J Pediatr Surg","first-page":"E13","article-title":"Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen in an adolescent with chronic abdominal pain","volume":"45","author":"Bamboat\n ZM,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bamboat\n ZM, \n \n Masiakos\n PT. \n \n Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen in an adolescent with chronic abdominal pain. 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Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2011;54(4):829\u2013831."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-9-1309-b14","series-title":"Pathology","first-page":"181","article-title":"F-18 FDG-avid sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) of the spleen: case study and literature review","volume":"39","author":"Lee\n D,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee\n D, \n \n Wood\n B, \n \n Formby\n M, \n \n Cho\n T. \n \n F-18 FDG-avid sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) of the spleen: case study and literature review. 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