{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T16:24:48Z","timestamp":1793895888634,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Fibrous dysplasia is an uncommon bone disease. The diagnosis is usually not difficult, given the symptoms, radiology, and histology. The gene involved is the \u03b1 subunit of the G-protein receptor. Recent innovation in molecular pathology has helped us understand the mechanism of disease pathogenesis. The treatment of fibrous dysplasia is limited to maintenance of maximum bone density. Surgical reinforcement is used to treat bowing deformities and fractures as they occur. Malignant transformation of fibrous dysplasia is rare. Currently, there is no therapy for preventing the disease from advancing or for malignant transformation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2012.0013-rs","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,31]],"date-time":"2012-12-31T14:51:17Z","timestamp":1356965477000},"page":"134-138","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":135,"title":["Fibrous Dysplasia"],"prefix":"10.5858","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Nicole D.","family":"Riddle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilyn M.","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3906","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b01","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"1848","article-title":"Fibrous dysplasia: pathophysiology, evaluation, and treatment","volume":"87","author":"DiCaprio\n              MR ,","year":"2005;","unstructured":"DiCaprio\n              MR , \n            \n              Enneking\n              WF . \n          \n          Fibrous dysplasia: pathophysiology, evaluation, and treatment . 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N Engl J Med . 1937;216(17) :727 \u2013746 ."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b05","series-title":"Am J Dis Child","first-page":"806","article-title":"Osteodystrophia fibrosa: report of a case in which the condition was combined with precocious puberty, pathologic pigmentation of the skin and hyperthyroidism, a review of the literature","volume":"54","author":"McCune\n              DJ ,","year":"1937;","unstructured":"McCune\n              DJ , \n            \n              Bruch\n              H . \n          \n          Osteodystrophia fibrosa: report of a case in which the condition was combined with precocious puberty, pathologic pigmentation of the skin and hyperthyroidism, a review of the literature . Am J Dis Child . 1937;54(4) :806 \u2013848 ."},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b06","series-title":"Pediatr Endocrinol Rev","first-page":"412","article-title":"The spectrum of McCune Albright syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Zacharin\n              M .","year":"2007;","unstructured":"Zacharin\n              M . \n          \n          The spectrum of McCune Albright syndrome . Pediatr Endocrinol Rev . 2007;4(suppl 4) :412 \u2013418 ."},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b07","series-title":"Pediatr Endocrinol Rev","first-page":"453","article-title":"McCune-Albright syndrome in adulthood","volume":"4","author":"Chanson\n              P ,","year":"2007;","unstructured":"Chanson\n              P , \n            \n              Salenave\n              S , \n            \n              Orcel\n              P . \n          \n          McCune-Albright syndrome in adulthood . 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Int Orthop . 2009;33(3) :605 \u2013610 ."},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b10","series-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"577","article-title":"Genetics of McCune-Albright syndrome","volume":"19","author":"de Sanctis\n              L ,","year":"2006;","unstructured":"de Sanctis\n              L , \n            \n              Delmastro\n              L , \n            \n              Russo\n              MC , \n            \n              Matarazzo\n              P , \n            \n              Lala\n              R , \n            \n              de Sanctis\n              C . \n          \n          Genetics of McCune-Albright syndrome . 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Endocr J . 2006;53(1) :35 \u201344 ."},{"issue":"18","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b14","series-title":"Intern Med","first-page":"1577","article-title":"McCune-Albright syndrome with acromegaly and fibrous dysplasia associated with the GNAS gene mutation identified by sensitive PNA-clamping method","volume":"46","author":"Imanaka\n              M ,","year":"2007;","unstructured":"Imanaka\n              M , \n            \n              Iida\n              K , \n            \n              Nishizawa\n              H , \n            et al\n           . McCune-Albright syndrome with acromegaly and fibrous dysplasia associated with the GNAS gene mutation identified by sensitive PNA-clamping method . Intern Med . 2007;46(18) :1577 \u20131583 ."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b15","series-title":"Virchows Arch","first-page":"170","article-title":"Gs-alpha gene mutations in monostotic fibrous dysplasia of bone and fibrous dysplasia-like low-grade central osteosarcoma","volume":"439","author":"Pollandt\n              K ,","year":"2001;","unstructured":"Pollandt\n              K , \n            \n              Engels\n              C , \n            \n              Kaiser\n              E , \n            \n              Werner\n              M , \n            \n              Delling\n              G . \n          \n          Gs-alpha gene mutations in monostotic fibrous dysplasia of bone and fibrous dysplasia-like low-grade central osteosarcoma . Virchows Arch . 2001;439(2) :170 \u2013175 ."},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b16","series-title":"Pediatr Endocrinol Rev","first-page":"401","article-title":"The pathology of fibrous dysplasia and the McCune-Albright syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Riminucci\n              M ,","year":"2007;","unstructured":"Riminucci\n              M , \n            \n              Robey\n              PG , \n            \n              Bianco\n              P . \n          \n          The pathology of fibrous dysplasia and the McCune-Albright syndrome . Pediatr Endocrinol Rev . 2007;4(suppl 4) :401 \u2013411 ."},{"issue":"50","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b17","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"20101","article-title":"WNT\/\u03b2-catenin signaling is differentially regulated by G\u03b1 proteins and contributes to fibrous dysplasia","volume":"108","author":"Regard\n              JB ,","year":"2011;","unstructured":"Regard\n              JB , \n            \n              Cherman\n              N , \n            \n              Palmer\n              D , \n            et al\n           . WNT\/\u03b2-catenin signaling is differentially regulated by G\u03b1 proteins and contributes to fibrous dysplasia . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 2011;108(50) :20101 \u201320106 ."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b18","series-title":"J Orthop","article-title":"Immunostain patterns of HER-2, EGFR and CD117 in fibrous dysplasia: a six-case series and literature review","volume":"6","author":"DeMers\n              NM ,","year":"2009;","unstructured":"DeMers\n              NM , \n            \n              Schlauder\n              SM , \n            \n              Bui\n              MM . \n          \n          Immunostain patterns of HER-2, EGFR and CD117 in fibrous dysplasia: a six-case series and literature review . J Orthop . 2009;6(2) :e4 ."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b19","series-title":"Cancer Genet Cytogenet","first-page":"114","article-title":"Chromosome aberrations in fibrous dysplasia","volume":"77","author":"Dal Cin\n              P ,","year":"1994;","unstructured":"Dal Cin\n              P , \n            \n              Sciot\n              R , \n            \n              Speleman\n              F , \n            et al\n           . Chromosome aberrations in fibrous dysplasia . Cancer Genet Cytogenet . 1994;77(2) :114 \u2013117 ."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b20","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"1411","article-title":"Malignancies in fibrous dysplasia","volume":"73","author":"Ruggieri\n              P ,","year":"1994;","unstructured":"Ruggieri\n              P , \n            \n              Sim\n              FH , \n            \n              Bond\n              JR , \n            \n              Unni\n              KK . \n          \n          Malignancies in fibrous dysplasia . Cancer . 1994;73(5) :1411 \u20131424 ."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b21","series-title":"Chir Organi Mov","first-page":"85","article-title":"Clinical and radiographic progression of fibrous dysplasia: cystic change or sarcoma?: description of a clinical case and review of the literature","volume":"80","author":"De Iure\n              F ,","year":"1995;","unstructured":"De Iure\n              F , \n            \n              Campanacci\n              L . \n          \n          Clinical and radiographic progression of fibrous dysplasia: cystic change or sarcoma?: description of a clinical case and review of the literature . Chir Organi Mov . 1995;80(1) :85 \u201389 ."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b22","series-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg","first-page":"439","article-title":"Secondary osteosarcoma arising in fibrous dysplasia, case report","volume":"129","author":"Doganavsargil\n              B ,","year":"2009;","unstructured":"Doganavsargil\n              B , \n            \n              Argin\n              M , \n            \n              Kececi\n              B , \n            \n              Sezak\n              M , \n            \n              Sanli\n              UA , \n            \n              Oztop\n              F . \n          \n          Secondary osteosarcoma arising in fibrous dysplasia, case report . Arch Orthop Trauma Surg . 2009;129(4) :439 \u2013444 ."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b23","series-title":"Skull Base","first-page":"79","article-title":"Osteosarcoma of the skull base after radiation therapy in a patient with McCune-Albright syndrome: case report","volume":"13","author":"Hansen\n              MR ,","year":"2003;","unstructured":"Hansen\n              MR , \n            \n              Moffat\n              JC . \n          \n          Osteosarcoma of the skull base after radiation therapy in a patient with McCune-Albright syndrome: case report . Skull Base . 2003;13(2) :79 \u201383 ."},{"issue":"270","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b24","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"128","article-title":"Radiation and pagetic osteogenic sarcomas","author":"Healey\n              JH ,","year":"1991;","unstructured":"Healey\n              JH , \n            \n              Buss\n              D . \n          \n          Radiation and pagetic osteogenic sarcomas . Clin Orthop Relat Res . 1991;(270) :128 \u2013134 ."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b25","series-title":"Hum Pathol","first-page":"1354","article-title":"Osteosarcoma in a patient with McCune-Albright syndrome and Mazabraud's syndrome: a case report emphasizing the cytological and cytogenetic findings","volume":"34","author":"Jhala\n              DN ,","year":"2003;","unstructured":"Jhala\n              DN , \n            \n              Eltoum\n              I , \n            \n              Carroll\n              AJ , \n            et al\n           . Osteosarcoma in a patient with McCune-Albright syndrome and Mazabraud's syndrome: a case report emphasizing the cytological and cytogenetic findings . Hum Pathol . 2003;34(12) :1354 \u20131357 ."},{"key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b26","series-title":"Pathol Lab Med Int","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chondrosarcoma arising in fibrous dysplasia: a case report and review of the current literature","volume":"1","year":"2009;","unstructured":"DeMers\n          \n          \n            Riddle\n            NM , \n          \n            Yamauchi\n            H , \n          \n            Caracciolo\n            JT , \n          et al . Chondrosarcoma arising in fibrous dysplasia: a case report and review of the current literature . 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Tumors of the Bones and Joints . Silver Spring, MD : Armed Registry of Pathology, and Washington, DC : Armed Forces Institute of Pathology ;  2006 . Atlas of Tumor Pathology ; 4th series, fascicle 2 ."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b29","series-title":"J Clin Oncol","first-page":"1164","article-title":"Cooperative German-Austrian-Swiss Osteosarcoma Study Group. Combined modality treatment for osteosarcoma occurring as a second malignant disease","volume":"17","author":"Bielack\n              SS ,","year":"1999;","unstructured":"Bielack\n              SS , \n            \n              Kempf-Bielack\n              B , \n            \n              Heise\n              U , \n            \n              Schwenzer\n              D , \n            \n              Winkler\n              K ; \n          \n          Cooperative German-Austrian-Swiss Osteosarcoma Study Group. Combined modality treatment for osteosarcoma occurring as a second malignant disease . J Clin Oncol1999;17(4) :1164 ."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b01","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"1848","article-title":"Fibrous dysplasia: pathophysiology, evaluation, and treatment","volume":"87","author":"DiCaprio\n              MR ,","year":"2005;","unstructured":"DiCaprio\n              MR , \n            \n              Enneking\n              WF . \n          \n          Fibrous dysplasia: pathophysiology, evaluation, and treatment . J Bone Joint Surg Am . 2005;87(8) :1848 \u20131864 ."},{"key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b02","series-title":"Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Soft Tissue and Bone","author":"Fletcher\n              CDM ,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fletcher\n              CDM , \n            \n              Unni\n              KK , \n            \n              Mertens\n              F , \n          \n          eds . Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Soft Tissue and Bone . Lyon, France : IARC Press;2002 . 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J Orthop Sci . 2006;11(4) :412 \u2013423 ."},{"issue":"17","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b04","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"727","article-title":"Syndrome characterized by posterities fibrosa disseminate, areas of pigmentation and endocrine dysfunction, with precocious puberty in females: report of five cases","volume":"216","author":"Albright\n              F ,","year":"1937;","unstructured":"Albright\n              F , \n            \n              Butter\n              AM , \n            \n              Smith\n              P . \n          \n          Syndrome characterized by posterities fibrosa disseminate, areas of pigmentation and endocrine dysfunction, with precocious puberty in females: report of five cases . N Engl J Med . 1937;216(17) :727 \u2013746 ."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b05","series-title":"Am J Dis Child","first-page":"806","article-title":"Osteodystrophia fibrosa: report of a case in which the condition was combined with precocious puberty, pathologic pigmentation of the skin and hyperthyroidism, a review of the literature","volume":"54","author":"McCune\n              DJ ,","year":"1937;","unstructured":"McCune\n              DJ , \n            \n              Bruch\n              H . \n          \n          Osteodystrophia fibrosa: report of a case in which the condition was combined with precocious puberty, pathologic pigmentation of the skin and hyperthyroidism, a review of the literature . Am J Dis Child . 1937;54(4) :806 \u2013848 ."},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b06","series-title":"Pediatr Endocrinol Rev","first-page":"412","article-title":"The spectrum of McCune Albright syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Zacharin\n              M .","year":"2007;","unstructured":"Zacharin\n              M . \n          \n          The spectrum of McCune Albright syndrome . Pediatr Endocrinol Rev . 2007;4(suppl 4) :412 \u2013418 ."},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b07","series-title":"Pediatr Endocrinol Rev","first-page":"453","article-title":"McCune-Albright syndrome in adulthood","volume":"4","author":"Chanson\n              P ,","year":"2007;","unstructured":"Chanson\n              P , \n            \n              Salenave\n              S , \n            \n              Orcel\n              P . \n          \n          McCune-Albright syndrome in adulthood . 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Int Orthop . 2009;33(3) :605 \u2013610 ."},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b10","series-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"577","article-title":"Genetics of McCune-Albright syndrome","volume":"19","author":"de Sanctis\n              L ,","year":"2006;","unstructured":"de Sanctis\n              L , \n            \n              Delmastro\n              L , \n            \n              Russo\n              MC , \n            \n              Matarazzo\n              P , \n            \n              Lala\n              R , \n            \n              de Sanctis\n              C . \n          \n          Genetics of McCune-Albright syndrome . J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab . 2006;19(suppl 2) :577 \u2013582 ."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b11","series-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"853","article-title":"McCune-Albright syndrome and disorders due to activating mutations of GNAS1","volume":"20","author":"Diaz\n              A ,","year":"2007;","unstructured":"Diaz\n              A , \n            \n              Danon\n              M , \n            \n              Crawford\n              J . \n          \n          McCune-Albright syndrome and disorders due to activating mutations of GNAS1 . J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab . 2007;20(8) :853 \u2013880 ."},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b12","series-title":"Pediatr Endocrinol Rev","first-page":"380","article-title":"Genetic and molecular aspects of McCune-Albright syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Lietman\n              SA ,","year":"2007;","unstructured":"Lietman\n              SA , \n            \n              Schwindinger\n              WF , \n            \n              Levine\n              MA . \n          \n          Genetic and molecular aspects of McCune-Albright syndrome . Pediatr Endocrinol Rev . 2007;4(suppl 4) :380 \u2013385 ."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b13","series-title":"Endocr J","first-page":"35","article-title":"A case of McCune-Albright syndrome associated with Gs alpha mutation in the bone tissue","volume":"53","author":"Sargin\n              H ,","year":"2006;","unstructured":"Sargin\n              H , \n            \n              Gozu\n              H , \n            \n              Bircan\n              R , \n            et al\n           . A case of McCune-Albright syndrome associated with Gs alpha mutation in the bone tissue . Endocr J . 2006;53(1) :35 \u201344 ."},{"issue":"18","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b14","series-title":"Intern Med","first-page":"1577","article-title":"McCune-Albright syndrome with acromegaly and fibrous dysplasia associated with the GNAS gene mutation identified by sensitive PNA-clamping method","volume":"46","author":"Imanaka\n              M ,","year":"2007;","unstructured":"Imanaka\n              M , \n            \n              Iida\n              K , \n            \n              Nishizawa\n              H , \n            et al\n           . McCune-Albright syndrome with acromegaly and fibrous dysplasia associated with the GNAS gene mutation identified by sensitive PNA-clamping method . Intern Med . 2007;46(18) :1577 \u20131583 ."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b15","series-title":"Virchows Arch","first-page":"170","article-title":"Gs-alpha gene mutations in monostotic fibrous dysplasia of bone and fibrous dysplasia-like low-grade central osteosarcoma","volume":"439","author":"Pollandt\n              K ,","year":"2001;","unstructured":"Pollandt\n              K , \n            \n              Engels\n              C , \n            \n              Kaiser\n              E , \n            \n              Werner\n              M , \n            \n              Delling\n              G . \n          \n          Gs-alpha gene mutations in monostotic fibrous dysplasia of bone and fibrous dysplasia-like low-grade central osteosarcoma . Virchows Arch . 2001;439(2) :170 \u2013175 ."},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"i1543-2165-137-1-134-b16","series-title":"Pediatr Endocrinol Rev","first-page":"401","article-title":"The pathology of fibrous dysplasia and the McCune-Albright syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Riminucci\n              M ,","year":"2007;","unstructured":"Riminucci\n              M , \n            \n              Robey\n              PG , \n            \n              Bianco\n              P . \n          \n          The pathology of fibrous dysplasia and the McCune-Albright syndrome . 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