{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T22:20:02Z","timestamp":1783549202018,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"\n Context.\u2014<\/jats:bold>\n Pituitary adenoma classification is complex, and diagnostic strategies vary greatly from laboratory to laboratory. No optimal diagnostic algorithm has been defined.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Objective.\u2014<\/jats:bold>\n To develop a panel of immunohistochemical (IHC) stains that provides the optimal combination of cost, accuracy, and ease of use.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Design.\u2014<\/jats:bold>\n We examined 136 pituitary adenomas with stains of steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1), Pit-1, anterior pituitary hormones, cytokeratin CAM5.2, and \u03b1 subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin. Immunohistochemical staining was scored using the Allred system. Adenomas were assigned to a gold standard class based on IHC results and available clinical and serologic information. Correlation and cluster analyses were used to develop an algorithm for parsimoniously classifying adenomas.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Results.\u2014<\/jats:bold>\n The algorithm entailed a 1- or 2-step process: (1) a screening step consisting of IHC stains for SF-1, Pit-1, and adrenocorticotropic hormone; and (2) when screening IHC pattern and clinical history were not clearly gonadotrophic (SF-1 positive only), corticotrophic (adrenocorticotropic hormone positive only), or IHC null cell (negative-screening IHC), we subsequently used IHC for prolactin, growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and cytokeratin CAM5.2.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusions.\u2014<\/jats:bold>\n Comparison between diagnoses generated by our algorithm and the gold standard diagnoses showed excellent agreement. When compared with a commonly used panel using 6 IHC for anterior pituitary hormones plus IHC for a low-molecular-weight cytokeratin in certain tumors, our algorithm uses approximately one-third fewer IHC stains and detects gonadotroph adenomas with greater sensitivity.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2016-0082-oa","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,26]],"date-time":"2016-05-26T18:08:01Z","timestamp":1464286081000},"page":"104-112","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Steroidogenic Factor 1, Pit-1, and Adrenocorticotropic Hormone: A Rational Starting Place for the Immunohistochemical Characterization of Pituitary Adenoma"],"prefix":"10.5858","volume":"141","author":[{"given":"William C.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nilanjana","family":"Banerji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelsey N.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bridget","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virgilia","family":"Macias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Kajdacsy-Balla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Allina Health Laboratories, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr W. C. McDonald); the Research Division, John Nasseff Neuroscience Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Banerji and Ms Ho); the Centre for Urban Epidemiology, Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (Dr K. N. McDonald); and the Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago (Drs Macias and Kajdacsy-Balla)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3906","reference":[{"key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b01","series-title":"Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Endocrine Organs","author":"DeLellis \n RA,","year":"2004","unstructured":"DeLellis \n RA, \n \n \n Lloyd \n RV, \n \n \n Heitz \n PU, \n \n \n Eng \n C. \n \n \n Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Endocrine Organs. Lyon, France: IARC Press;2004. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours; vol 8."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b02","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"502","article-title":"The World Health Organization classification of adenohypophysial neoplasms: a proposed five-tier scheme","volume":"78","author":"Kovacs \n K,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kovacs \n K, \n \n \n Scheithauer \n BW, \n \n \n Horvath \n E, \n \n \n Lloyd \n RV. \n \n \n The World Health Organization classification of adenohypophysial neoplasms: a proposed five-tier scheme. Cancer. 1996;78(3):502\u2013510."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b03","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"640","article-title":"Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with primary pituitary tumors","volume":"135","author":"Nose \n V,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nose \n V, \n \n \n Ezzat \n S, \n \n \n Horvath \n E, \n \n et al. \n Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with primary pituitary tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2011;135(5):640\u2013646."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b04","series-title":"Minerva Endocrinol","first-page":"241","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas","volume":"29","author":"Chanson \n P,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chanson \n P, \n \n \n Salenave \n S. \n \n \n Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas. Minerva Endocrinol. 2004;29(4):241\u2013275."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b05","series-title":"Semin Diagn Pathol","first-page":"158","article-title":"Therapeutic implications of accurate classification of pituitary adenomas","volume":"30","author":"Mete \n O,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mete \n O, \n \n \n Asa \n SL. \n \n \n Therapeutic implications of accurate classification of pituitary adenomas. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2013;30(3):158\u2013164. doi:110.1053\/j.semdp.2013.1006.1002."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b06","series-title":"Acta Neuropathol (Berl)","first-page":"84","article-title":"Subtyping does matter in pituitary adenomas","volume":"111","author":"Kleinschmidt-DeMasters \n BK.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kleinschmidt-DeMasters \n BK. \n \n \n Subtyping does matter in pituitary adenomas. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 2006;111(1):84\u201385."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b07","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"610","article-title":"Pituitary adenomas with invasion of the cavernous sinus space: a magnetic resonance imaging classification compared with surgical findings","volume":"33","author":"Knosp \n E,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Knosp \n E, \n \n \n Steiner \n E, \n \n \n Kitz \n K, \n \n \n Matula \n C. \n \n \n Pituitary adenomas with invasion of the cavernous sinus space: a magnetic resonance imaging classification compared with surgical findings. Neurosurgery. 1993;33(4):610\u2013617; discussion 617\u2013618."},{"key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b08","series-title":"Tumors of the Pituitary Gland","author":"Asa \n S.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Asa \n S. \n \n \n Tumors of the Pituitary Gland. Washington, DC: American Registry of Pathology;2011."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b09","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"1275","article-title":"Cell type-specific expression of the pituitary transcription activator pit-1 in the human pituitary and pituitary adenomas","volume":"77","author":"Asa \n SL,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Asa \n SL, \n \n \n Puy \n LA, \n \n \n Lew \n AM, \n \n \n Sundmark \n VC, \n \n \n Elsholtz \n HP. \n \n \n Cell type-specific expression of the pituitary transcription activator pit-1 in the human pituitary and pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;77(5):1275\u20131280."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b10","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"1281","article-title":"Pit-1 messenger ribonucleic acid is differentially expressed in human pituitary adenomas","volume":"77","author":"Friend \n KE,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Friend \n KE, \n \n \n Chiou \n YK, \n \n \n Laws \n ER\n Jr, \n \n \n Lopes \n MB, \n \n \n Shupnik \n MA. \n \n \n Pit-1 messenger ribonucleic acid is differentially expressed in human pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;77(5):1281\u20131286."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b11","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"189","article-title":"Pit-1 gene expression in the human pituitary and pituitary adenomas","volume":"79","author":"Pellegrini \n I,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pellegrini \n I, \n \n \n Barlier \n A, \n \n \n Gunz \n G, \n \n et al. \n Pit-1 gene expression in the human pituitary and pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;79(1):189\u2013196."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b12","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"2165","article-title":"The transcription activator steroidogenic factor-1 is preferentially expressed in the human pituitary gonadotroph","volume":"81","author":"Asa \n SL,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Asa \n SL, \n \n \n Bamberger \n AM, \n \n \n Cao \n B, \n \n \n Wong \n M, \n \n \n Parker \n KL, \n \n \n Ezzat \n S. \n \n \n The transcription activator steroidogenic factor-1 is preferentially expressed in the human pituitary gonadotroph. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81(6):2165\u20132170."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b13","series-title":"Cell","first-page":"481","article-title":"A cell-specific nuclear receptor is essential for adrenal and gonadal development and sexual differentiation","volume":"77","author":"Luo \n X,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Luo \n X, \n \n \n Ikeda \n Y, \n \n \n Parker \n KL. \n \n \n A cell-specific nuclear receptor is essential for adrenal and gonadal development and sexual differentiation. Cell. 1994;77(4):481\u2013490."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b14","series-title":"Cell","first-page":"849","article-title":"A pituitary cell-restricted T box factor, Tpit, activates POMC transcription in cooperation with Pitx homeoproteins","volume":"104","author":"Lamolet \n B,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lamolet \n B, \n \n \n Pulichino \n AM, \n \n \n Lamonerie \n T, \n \n et al. \n A pituitary cell-restricted T box factor, Tpit, activates POMC transcription in cooperation with Pitx homeoproteins. Cell. 2001;104(6):849\u2013859."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b15","series-title":"Genes Dev","first-page":"711","article-title":"Human and mouse TPIT gene mutations cause early onset pituitary ACTH deficiency","volume":"17","author":"Pulichino \n AM,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pulichino \n AM, \n \n \n Vallette-Kasic \n S, \n \n \n Couture \n C, \n \n et al. \n Human and mouse TPIT gene mutations cause early onset pituitary ACTH deficiency. Genes Dev. 2003;17(6):711\u2013716."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b16","series-title":"Mod Pathol","first-page":"155","article-title":"Prognostic and predictive factors in breast cancer by immunohistochemical analysis","volume":"11","author":"Allred \n DC,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Allred \n DC, \n \n \n Harvey \n JM, \n \n \n Berardo \n M, \n \n \n Clark \n GM. \n \n \n Prognostic and predictive factors in breast cancer by immunohistochemical analysis. Mod Pathol. 1998;11(2):155\u2013168."},{"key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b17","series-title":"An Introduction to Statistical Learning With Applications in R","author":"James \n J,","year":"2013","unstructured":"James \n J, \n \n \n Witten \n D, \n \n \n Hastie \n T, \n \n \n Tibshirani \n R. \n \n \n An Introduction to Statistical Learning With Applications in R. New York, NY: Springer;2013."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b18","series-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser C (Appl Stat)","first-page":"100","article-title":"K-means clustering algorithm","volume":"28","author":"Hartigan \n JA,","year":"1979","unstructured":"Hartigan \n JA, \n \n \n Wong \n MA. A\n \n \n K-means clustering algorithm. J R Stat Soc Ser C (Appl Stat). 1979;28(1):100\u2013108."},{"key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b19","series-title":"Comput Stat Data Anal","first-page":"381","article-title":"Displaying a clustering with CLUSPLOT","volume":"30","author":"Pison \n G,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pison \n G, \n \n \n Struyf \n A, \n \n \n Rousseeuw \n PJ. \n \n \n Displaying a clustering with CLUSPLOT. Comput Stat Data Anal. 1999;30:381\u2013392."},{"key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b20","series-title":"Cluster Analysis","author":"Everitt \n BS,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Everitt \n BS, \n \n \n Landau \n S, \n \n \n Leese \n M, \n \n \n Stahl \n D. \n \n \n Cluster Analysis\n . 5th ed.\n \n \n West\n Sussex, \n \n \n United Kingdom: Wiley;2011."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b21","series-title":"Eur J Endocrinol","first-page":"203","article-title":"Pathohistological classification of pituitary tumors: 10 years of experience with the German Pituitary Tumor Registry","volume":"156","author":"Saeger \n W,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Saeger \n W, \n \n \n Ludecke \n DK, \n \n \n Buchfelder \n M, \n \n \n Fahlbusch \n R, \n \n \n Quabbe \n HJ, \n \n \n Petersenn \n S. \n \n \n Pathohistological classification of pituitary tumors: 10 years of experience with the German Pituitary Tumor Registry. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007;156(2):203\u2013216."},{"key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b22","series-title":"Acta Psychol (Amst)","first-page":"203","article-title":"Psychological characteristics and strategies of expert decision makers","volume":"68","author":"Shanteau \n J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Shanteau \n J. \n \n \n Psychological characteristics and strategies of expert decision makers. Acta Psychol (Amst). 1988;68:203\u2013215."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b23","series-title":"J Pers Assess","first-page":"370","article-title":"Causes and effects of my disturbing little book","volume":"50","author":"Meehl \n PE.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Meehl \n PE. \n \n \n Causes and effects of my disturbing little book. J Pers Assess. 1986;50(3):370\u2013375."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b24","series-title":"Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol","first-page":"165","article-title":"Null cell adenoma of the human pituitary","volume":"387","author":"Kovacs \n K,","year":"1980","unstructured":"Kovacs \n K, \n \n \n Horvath \n E, \n \n \n Ryan \n N, \n \n \n Ezrin \n C. \n \n \n Null cell adenoma of the human pituitary. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol. 1980;387(2):165\u2013174."},{"key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b01","series-title":"Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Endocrine Organs","author":"DeLellis \n RA,","year":"2004","unstructured":"DeLellis \n RA, \n \n \n Lloyd \n RV, \n \n \n Heitz \n PU, \n \n \n Eng \n C. \n \n \n Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Endocrine Organs. Lyon, France: IARC Press;2004. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours; vol 8."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b02","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"502","article-title":"The World Health Organization classification of adenohypophysial neoplasms: a proposed five-tier scheme","volume":"78","author":"Kovacs \n K,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kovacs \n K, \n \n \n Scheithauer \n BW, \n \n \n Horvath \n E, \n \n \n Lloyd \n RV. \n \n \n The World Health Organization classification of adenohypophysial neoplasms: a proposed five-tier scheme. Cancer. 1996;78(3):502\u2013510."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b03","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"640","article-title":"Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with primary pituitary tumors","volume":"135","author":"Nose \n V,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nose \n V, \n \n \n Ezzat \n S, \n \n \n Horvath \n E, \n \n et al. \n Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with primary pituitary tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2011;135(5):640\u2013646."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b04","series-title":"Minerva Endocrinol","first-page":"241","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas","volume":"29","author":"Chanson \n P,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chanson \n P, \n \n \n Salenave \n S. \n \n \n Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas. Minerva Endocrinol. 2004;29(4):241\u2013275."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b05","series-title":"Semin Diagn Pathol","first-page":"158","article-title":"Therapeutic implications of accurate classification of pituitary adenomas","volume":"30","author":"Mete \n O,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mete \n O, \n \n \n Asa \n SL. \n \n \n Therapeutic implications of accurate classification of pituitary adenomas. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2013;30(3):158\u2013164. doi:110.1053\/j.semdp.2013.1006.1002."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b06","series-title":"Acta Neuropathol (Berl)","first-page":"84","article-title":"Subtyping does matter in pituitary adenomas","volume":"111","author":"Kleinschmidt-DeMasters \n BK.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kleinschmidt-DeMasters \n BK. \n \n \n Subtyping does matter in pituitary adenomas. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 2006;111(1):84\u201385."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b07","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"610","article-title":"Pituitary adenomas with invasion of the cavernous sinus space: a magnetic resonance imaging classification compared with surgical findings","volume":"33","author":"Knosp \n E,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Knosp \n E, \n \n \n Steiner \n E, \n \n \n Kitz \n K, \n \n \n Matula \n C. \n \n \n Pituitary adenomas with invasion of the cavernous sinus space: a magnetic resonance imaging classification compared with surgical findings. Neurosurgery. 1993;33(4):610\u2013617; discussion 617\u2013618."},{"key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b08","series-title":"Tumors of the Pituitary Gland","author":"Asa \n S.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Asa \n S. \n \n \n Tumors of the Pituitary Gland. Washington, DC: American Registry of Pathology;2011."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b09","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"1275","article-title":"Cell type-specific expression of the pituitary transcription activator pit-1 in the human pituitary and pituitary adenomas","volume":"77","author":"Asa \n SL,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Asa \n SL, \n \n \n Puy \n LA, \n \n \n Lew \n AM, \n \n \n Sundmark \n VC, \n \n \n Elsholtz \n HP. \n \n \n Cell type-specific expression of the pituitary transcription activator pit-1 in the human pituitary and pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;77(5):1275\u20131280."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b10","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"1281","article-title":"Pit-1 messenger ribonucleic acid is differentially expressed in human pituitary adenomas","volume":"77","author":"Friend \n KE,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Friend \n KE, \n \n \n Chiou \n YK, \n \n \n Laws \n ER\n Jr, \n \n \n Lopes \n MB, \n \n \n Shupnik \n MA. \n \n \n Pit-1 messenger ribonucleic acid is differentially expressed in human pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;77(5):1281\u20131286."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b11","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"189","article-title":"Pit-1 gene expression in the human pituitary and pituitary adenomas","volume":"79","author":"Pellegrini \n I,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pellegrini \n I, \n \n \n Barlier \n A, \n \n \n Gunz \n G, \n \n et al. \n Pit-1 gene expression in the human pituitary and pituitary adenomas. 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J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81(6):2165\u20132170."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b13","series-title":"Cell","first-page":"481","article-title":"A cell-specific nuclear receptor is essential for adrenal and gonadal development and sexual differentiation","volume":"77","author":"Luo \n X,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Luo \n X, \n \n \n Ikeda \n Y, \n \n \n Parker \n KL. \n \n \n A cell-specific nuclear receptor is essential for adrenal and gonadal development and sexual differentiation. Cell. 1994;77(4):481\u2013490."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b14","series-title":"Cell","first-page":"849","article-title":"A pituitary cell-restricted T box factor, Tpit, activates POMC transcription in cooperation with Pitx homeoproteins","volume":"104","author":"Lamolet \n B,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lamolet \n B, \n \n \n Pulichino \n AM, \n \n \n Lamonerie \n T, \n \n et al. \n A pituitary cell-restricted T box factor, Tpit, activates POMC transcription in cooperation with Pitx homeoproteins. Cell. 2001;104(6):849\u2013859."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b15","series-title":"Genes Dev","first-page":"711","article-title":"Human and mouse TPIT gene mutations cause early onset pituitary ACTH deficiency","volume":"17","author":"Pulichino \n AM,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pulichino \n AM, \n \n \n Vallette-Kasic \n S, \n \n \n Couture \n C, \n \n et al. \n Human and mouse TPIT gene mutations cause early onset pituitary ACTH deficiency. Genes Dev. 2003;17(6):711\u2013716."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b16","series-title":"Mod Pathol","first-page":"155","article-title":"Prognostic and predictive factors in breast cancer by immunohistochemical analysis","volume":"11","author":"Allred \n DC,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Allred \n DC, \n \n \n Harvey \n JM, \n \n \n Berardo \n M, \n \n \n Clark \n GM. \n \n \n Prognostic and predictive factors in breast cancer by immunohistochemical analysis. Mod Pathol. 1998;11(2):155\u2013168."},{"key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b17","series-title":"An Introduction to Statistical Learning With Applications in R","author":"James \n J,","year":"2013","unstructured":"James \n J, \n \n \n Witten \n D, \n \n \n Hastie \n T, \n \n \n Tibshirani \n R. \n \n \n An Introduction to Statistical Learning With Applications in R. New York, NY: Springer;2013."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b18","series-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser C (Appl Stat)","first-page":"100","article-title":"K-means clustering algorithm","volume":"28","author":"Hartigan \n JA,","year":"1979","unstructured":"Hartigan \n JA, \n \n \n Wong \n MA. A\n \n \n K-means clustering algorithm. J R Stat Soc Ser C (Appl Stat). 1979;28(1):100\u2013108."},{"key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b19","series-title":"Comput Stat Data Anal","first-page":"381","article-title":"Displaying a clustering with CLUSPLOT","volume":"30","author":"Pison \n G,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pison \n G, \n \n \n Struyf \n A, \n \n \n Rousseeuw \n PJ. \n \n \n Displaying a clustering with CLUSPLOT. Comput Stat Data Anal. 1999;30:381\u2013392."},{"key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b20","series-title":"Cluster Analysis","author":"Everitt \n BS,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Everitt \n BS, \n \n \n Landau \n S, \n \n \n Leese \n M, \n \n \n Stahl \n D. \n \n \n Cluster Analysis\n . 5th ed.\n \n \n West\n Sussex, \n \n \n United Kingdom: Wiley;2011."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b21","series-title":"Eur J Endocrinol","first-page":"203","article-title":"Pathohistological classification of pituitary tumors: 10 years of experience with the German Pituitary Tumor Registry","volume":"156","author":"Saeger \n W,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Saeger \n W, \n \n \n Ludecke \n DK, \n \n \n Buchfelder \n M, \n \n \n Fahlbusch \n R, \n \n \n Quabbe \n HJ, \n \n \n Petersenn \n S. \n \n \n Pathohistological classification of pituitary tumors: 10 years of experience with the German Pituitary Tumor Registry. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007;156(2):203\u2013216."},{"key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b22","series-title":"Acta Psychol (Amst)","first-page":"203","article-title":"Psychological characteristics and strategies of expert decision makers","volume":"68","author":"Shanteau \n J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Shanteau \n J. \n \n \n Psychological characteristics and strategies of expert decision makers. Acta Psychol (Amst). 1988;68:203\u2013215."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-104-b23","series-title":"J Pers Assess","first-page":"370","article-title":"Causes and effects of my disturbing little book","volume":"50","author":"Meehl \n PE.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Meehl \n PE. \n \n \n Causes and effects of my disturbing little book. 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