{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T19:15:32Z","timestamp":1791486932365,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":306,"publisher":"Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"Once obscure, Zika virus (ZIKV) has attracted significant medical and scientific attention in the past year because of large outbreaks associated with the recent introduction of this virus into the Western hemisphere. In particular, the occurrence of severe congenital infections and cases of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome has placed this virus squarely in the eyes of clinical and anatomic pathologists. This review article provides a basic introduction to ZIKV, its genetics, its structural characteristics, and its biology. A multidisciplinary effort will be essential to establish clinicopathologic correlations of the basic virology of ZIKV in order to advance development of diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2016-0409-ra","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,20]],"date-time":"2016-10-20T13:14:47Z","timestamp":1476969287000},"page":"33-42","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Zika Virus: The Agent and Its Biology, With Relevance to Pathology"],"prefix":"10.5858","volume":"141","author":[{"given":"Carey L.","family":"Medin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan L.","family":"Rothman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Providence. Drs Medin and Rothman both contributed equally to the manuscript."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3906","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b01","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"509","article-title":"Zika virus, I: isolations and serological specificity","volume":"46","author":"Dick \n GW,","year":"1952","unstructured":"Dick \n GW, \n \n \n Kitchen \n SF, \n \n \n Haddow \n AJ. \n \n \n Zika virus, I: isolations and serological specificity. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1952;46(5):509\u2013520."},{"issue":"24","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b02","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"2536","article-title":"Zika virus outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia","volume":"360","author":"Duffy \n MR,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Duffy \n MR, \n \n \n Chen \n TH, \n \n \n Hancock \n WT, \n \n et al. \n Zika virus outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia. 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J Virol. 1999;73(4):3108\u20133116."},{"issue":"20","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b44","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"9633","article-title":"Mutagenesis of the Dengue virus type 2 NS3 protein within and outside helicase motifs: effects on enzyme activity and virus replication","volume":"75","author":"Matusan \n AE,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Matusan \n AE, \n \n \n Pryor \n MJ, \n \n \n Davidson \n AD, \n \n \n Wright \n PJ. \n \n \n Mutagenesis of the Dengue virus type 2 NS3 protein within and outside helicase motifs: effects on enzyme activity and virus replication. 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Virology. 2002;299(1):122\u2013132."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b46","series-title":"Virology","first-page":"208","article-title":"The RNA helicase, nucleotide 5\u2032-triphosphatase, and RNA 5\u2032-triphosphatase activities of Dengue virus protein NS3 are Mg2+-dependent and require a functional Walker B motif in the helicase catalytic core","volume":"328","author":"Benarroch \n D,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Benarroch \n D, \n \n \n Selisko \n B, \n \n \n Locatelli \n GA, \n \n \n Maga \n G, \n \n \n Romette \n JL, \n \n \n Canard \n B. \n \n \n The RNA helicase, nucleotide 5\u2032-triphosphatase, and RNA 5\u2032-triphosphatase activities of Dengue virus protein NS3 are Mg2+-dependent and require a functional Walker B motif in the helicase catalytic core. Virology. 2004;328(2):208\u2013218."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b47","series-title":"Virology","first-page":"265","article-title":"The NS 3 nonstructural protein of flaviviruses contains an RNA triphosphatase activity","volume":"197","author":"Wengler \n G,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wengler \n G, \n \n \n Wengler \n G. \n \n \n The NS 3 nonstructural protein of flaviviruses contains an RNA triphosphatase activity. Virology. 1993;197(1):265\u2013273."},{"issue":"16","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b48","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"10278","article-title":"Structure of the Dengue virus helicase\/nucleoside triphosphatase catalytic domain at a resolution of 2.4 A","volume":"79","author":"Xu \n T,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Xu \n T, \n \n \n Sampath \n A, \n \n \n Chao \n A, \n \n et al. \n Structure of the Dengue virus helicase\/nucleoside triphosphatase catalytic domain at a resolution of 2.4 A. 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FEBS Lett. 2009;583(4):691\u2013696."},{"issue":"pt 9","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b50","series-title":"J Gen Virol","first-page":"2605","article-title":"Dengue virus NS4B interacts with NS3 and dissociates it from single-stranded RNA","volume":"87","author":"Umareddy \n I,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Umareddy \n I, \n \n \n Chao \n A, \n \n \n Sampath \n A, \n \n \n Gu \n F, \n \n \n Vasudevan \n SG. \n \n \n Dengue virus NS4B interacts with NS3 and dissociates it from single-stranded RNA. 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MBio. 2015;6(3):e00553\u201315."},{"issue":"16","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b59","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"8276","article-title":"Cardif-mediated signaling controls the initial innate response to dengue virus in vivo","volume":"83","author":"Perry \n ST,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Perry \n ST, \n \n \n Prestwood \n TR, \n \n \n Lada \n SM, \n \n \n Benedict \n CA, \n \n \n Shresta \n S. \n \n \n Cardif-mediated signaling controls the initial innate response to dengue virus in vivo. J Virol. 2009;83(16):8276\u20138281."},{"issue":"13","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b60","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"8004","article-title":"Inhibition of alpha\/beta interferon signaling by the NS4B protein of flaviviruses","volume":"79","author":"Munoz-Jordan \n JL,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Munoz-Jordan \n JL, \n \n \n Laurent-Rolle \n M, \n \n \n Ashour \n J, \n \n et al. \n Inhibition of alpha\/beta interferon signaling by the NS4B protein of flaviviruses. 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J Virol. 2015;89(8):4281\u20134295."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b64","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"1298","article-title":"Two distinct sets of NS2A molecules are responsible for dengue virus RNA synthesis and virion assembly","volume":"89","author":"Xie \n X,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xie \n X, \n \n \n Zou \n J, \n \n \n Puttikhunt \n C, \n \n \n Yuan \n Z, \n \n \n Shi \n PY. \n \n \n Two distinct sets of NS2A molecules are responsible for dengue virus RNA synthesis and virion assembly. J Virol. 2015;89(2):1298\u20131313."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b65","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"5414","article-title":"Dengue virus inhibits alpha interferon signaling by reducing STAT2 expression","volume":"79","author":"Jones \n M,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jones \n M, \n \n \n Davidson \n A, \n \n \n Hibbert \n L, \n \n et al. \n Dengue virus inhibits alpha interferon signaling by reducing STAT2 expression. 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J Virol. 2006;80(9):4623\u20134632."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b67","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e84040","article-title":"Induction of endoplasmic reticulum-derived replication-competent membrane structures by West Nile virus non-structural protein 4B","volume":"9","author":"Kaufusi \n PH,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kaufusi \n PH, \n \n \n Kelley \n JF, \n \n \n Yanagihara \n R, \n \n \n Nerurkar \n VR. \n \n \n Induction of endoplasmic reticulum-derived replication-competent membrane structures by West Nile virus non-structural protein 4B. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e84040."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b68","series-title":"Arch Virol","first-page":"687","article-title":"Full-length sequencing and genomic characterization of Bagaza, Kedougou, and Zika viruses","volume":"152","author":"Kuno \n G,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kuno \n G, \n \n \n Chang \n GJ. \n \n \n Full-length sequencing and genomic characterization of Bagaza, Kedougou, and Zika viruses. Arch Virol. 2007;152(4):687\u2013696."},{"issue":"19","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b69","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"10543","article-title":"Infectious entry of West Nile virus occurs through a clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway","volume":"78","author":"Chu \n JJ,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chu \n JJ, \n \n \n Ng \n ML. \n \n \n Infectious entry of West Nile virus occurs through a clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway. 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J Virol Methods. 1994;48(1):31\u201341."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b78","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"4864","article-title":"Zika virus: new clinical syndromes and its emergence in the Western hemisphere","volume":"90","author":"Lazear \n HM,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lazear \n HM, \n \n \n Diamond \n MS. \n \n \n Zika virus: new clinical syndromes and its emergence in the Western hemisphere. J Virol. 2016;90(10):4864\u20134875."},{"issue":"28","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b79","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"7852","article-title":"Human antibody responses after dengue virus infection are highly cross-reactive to Zika virus","volume":"113","author":"Priyamvada \n L,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Priyamvada \n L, \n \n \n Quicke \n KM, \n \n \n Hudson \n WH, \n \n et al. \n Human antibody responses after dengue virus infection are highly cross-reactive to Zika virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016;113(28):7852\u20137857."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b80","series-title":"Rev Reprod","first-page":"81","article-title":"Dynamics of immunoglobulins at the feto-maternal interface","volume":"4","author":"Saji \n F,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Saji \n F, \n \n \n Samejima \n Y, \n \n \n Kamiura \n S, \n \n \n Koyama \n M. \n \n \n Dynamics of immunoglobulins at the feto-maternal interface. Rev Reprod. 1999;4(2):81\u201389."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b81","series-title":"J Reprod Immunol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human placental Fc receptors and the transmission of antibodies from mother to fetus","volume":"37","author":"Simister \n NE,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Simister \n NE, \n \n \n Story \n CM. \n \n \n Human placental Fc receptors and the transmission of antibodies from mother to fetus. 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FASEB J. 2004;18(1):182\u2013184."},{"issue":"49","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b87","series-title":"J Biol Chem","first-page":"35452","article-title":"Antibody uptake into neurons occurs primarily via clathrin-dependent Fcgamma receptor endocytosis and is a prerequisite for acute tau protein clearance","volume":"288","author":"Congdon \n EE,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Congdon \n EE, \n \n \n Gu \n J, \n \n \n Sait \n HB, \n \n \n Sigurdsson \n EM. \n \n \n Antibody uptake into neurons occurs primarily via clathrin-dependent Fcgamma receptor endocytosis and is a prerequisite for acute tau protein clearance. 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J Virol. 2006;80(17):8362\u20138370."},{"issue":"5801","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b28","series-title":"Science","first-page":"997","article-title":"RIG-I-mediated antiviral responses to single-stranded RNA bearing 5\u2032-phosphates","volume":"314","author":"Pichlmair \n A,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pichlmair \n A, \n \n \n Schulz \n O, \n \n \n Tan \n CP, \n \n et al. \n RIG-I-mediated antiviral responses to single-stranded RNA bearing 5\u2032-phosphates. Science. 2006;314(5801):997\u20131001."},{"issue":"7322","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b29","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"452","article-title":"2\u2032-O methylation of the viral mRNA cap evades host restriction by IFIT family members","volume":"468","author":"Daffis \n S,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Daffis \n S, \n \n \n Szretter \n KJ, \n \n \n Schriewer \n J, \n \n et al. \n 2\u2032-O methylation of the viral mRNA cap evades host restriction by IFIT family members. Nature. 2010;468(7322):452\u2013456."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b30","series-title":"Nat Immunol","first-page":"137","article-title":"Ribose 2\u2032-O-methylation provides a molecular signature for the distinction of self and non-self mRNA dependent on the RNA sensor Mda5","volume":"12","author":"Zust \n R,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zust \n R, \n \n \n Cervantes-Barragan \n L, \n \n \n Habjan \n M, \n \n et al. \n Ribose 2\u2032-O-methylation provides a molecular signature for the distinction of self and non-self mRNA dependent on the RNA sensor Mda5. Nat Immunol. 2011;12(2):137\u2013143."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b31","series-title":"Nat Struct Biol","first-page":"907","article-title":"Visualization of membrane protein domains by cryo-electron microscopy of dengue virus","volume":"10","author":"Zhang \n W,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zhang \n W, \n \n \n Chipman \n PR, \n \n \n Corver \n J, \n \n et al. \n Visualization of membrane protein domains by cryo-electron microscopy of dengue virus. Nat Struct Biol. 2003;10(11):907\u2013912."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b32","series-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol","first-page":"105","article-title":"Cryo-EM structure of the mature dengue virus at 3.5-A resolution","volume":"20","author":"Zhang \n X,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang \n X, \n \n \n Ge \n P, \n \n \n Yu \n X, \n \n et al. \n Cryo-EM structure of the mature dengue virus at 3.5-A resolution. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2013;20(1):105\u2013110."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b33","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"3414","article-title":"Solution structure of dengue virus capsid protein reveals another fold","volume":"101","author":"Ma \n L,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ma \n L, \n \n \n Jones \n CT, \n \n \n Groesch \n TD, \n \n \n Kuhn \n RJ, \n \n \n Post \n CB. \n \n \n Solution structure of dengue virus capsid protein reveals another fold. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(10):3414\u20133419."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b34","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"7143","article-title":"Flavivirus capsid is a dimeric alpha-helical protein","volume":"77","author":"Jones \n CT,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jones \n CT, \n \n \n Ma \n L, \n \n \n Burgner \n JW, \n \n \n Groesch \n TD, \n \n \n Post \n CB, \n \n \n Kuhn \n RJ. \n \n \n Flavivirus capsid is a dimeric alpha-helical protein. J Virol. 2003;77(12):7143\u20137149."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b35","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"1046","article-title":"Uncoupling cis-Acting RNA elements from coding sequences revealed a requirement of the N-terminal region of dengue virus capsid protein in virus particle formation","volume":"86","author":"Samsa \n MM,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Samsa \n MM, \n \n \n Mondotte \n JA, \n \n \n Caramelo \n JJ, \n \n \n Gamarnik \n AV. \n \n \n Uncoupling cis-Acting RNA elements from coding sequences revealed a requirement of the N-terminal region of dengue virus capsid protein in virus particle formation. J Virol. 2012;86(2):1046\u20131058."},{"issue":"14","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b36","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"7998","article-title":"Maintenance of dimer conformation by the dengue virus core protein alpha4-alpha4\u2032 helix pair is critical for nucleocapsid formation and virus production","volume":"88","author":"Teoh \n PG,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Teoh \n PG, \n \n \n Huang \n ZS, \n \n \n Pong \n WL, \n \n \n Chen \n PC, \n \n \n Wu \n HN. \n \n \n Maintenance of dimer conformation by the dengue virus core protein alpha4-alpha4\u2032 helix pair is critical for nucleocapsid formation and virus production. J Virol. 2014;88(14):7998\u20138015."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b37","series-title":"Cell","first-page":"717","article-title":"Structure of dengue virus: implications for flavivirus organization, maturation, and fusion","volume":"108","author":"Kuhn \n RJ,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kuhn \n RJ, \n \n \n Zhang \n W, \n \n \n Rossmann \n MG, \n \n et al. \n Structure of dengue virus: implications for flavivirus organization, maturation, and fusion. Cell. 2002;108(5):717\u2013725."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b38","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"2467","article-title":"Both nonstructural proteins NS2B and NS3 are required for the proteolytic processing of dengue virus nonstructural proteins","volume":"65","author":"Falgout \n B,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Falgout \n B, \n \n \n Pethel \n M, \n \n \n Zhang \n YM, \n \n \n Lai \n CJ. \n \n \n Both nonstructural proteins NS2B and NS3 are required for the proteolytic processing of dengue virus nonstructural proteins. J Virol. 1991;65(5):2467\u20132475."},{"issue":"14","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b39","series-title":"J Biol Chem","first-page":"9963","article-title":"Purified NS2B\/NS3 serine protease of dengue virus type 2 exhibits cofactor NS2B dependence for cleavage of substrates with dibasic amino acids in vitro","volume":"275","author":"Yusof \n R,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yusof \n R, \n \n \n Clum \n S, \n \n \n Wetzel \n M, \n \n \n Murthy \n HM, \n \n \n Padmanabhan \n R. \n \n \n Purified NS2B\/NS3 serine protease of dengue virus type 2 exhibits cofactor NS2B dependence for cleavage of substrates with dibasic amino acids in vitro. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(14):9963\u20139969."},{"issue":"pt 3","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b40","series-title":"J Gen Virol","first-page":"573","article-title":"Processing of Japanese encephalitis virus non-structural proteins: NS2B-NS3 complex and heterologous proteases","volume":"76","author":"Jan \n LR,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Jan \n LR, \n \n \n Yang \n CS, \n \n \n Trent \n DW, \n \n \n Falgout \n B, \n \n \n Lai \n CJ. \n \n \n Processing of Japanese encephalitis virus non-structural proteins: NS2B-NS3 complex and heterologous proteases. J Gen Virol. 1995;76(pt 3):573\u2013580."},{"issue":"49","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b41","series-title":"J Biol Chem","first-page":"30715","article-title":"Cotranslational membrane insertion of the serine proteinase precursor NS2B-NS3(Pro) of dengue virus type 2 is required for efficient in vitro processing and is mediated through the hydrophobic regions of NS2B","volume":"272","author":"Clum \n S,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Clum \n S, \n \n \n Ebner \n KE, \n \n \n Padmanabhan \n R. \n \n \n Cotranslational membrane insertion of the serine proteinase precursor NS2B-NS3(Pro) of dengue virus type 2 is required for efficient in vitro processing and is mediated through the hydrophobic regions of NS2B. J Biol Chem. 1997;272(49):30715\u201330723."},{"issue":"22","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b42","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"8898","article-title":"Evidence that the N-terminal domain of nonstructural protein NS3 from yellow fever virus is a serine protease responsible for site-specific cleavages in the viral polyprotein","volume":"87","author":"Chambers \n TJ,","year":"1990","unstructured":"Chambers \n TJ, \n \n \n Weir \n RC, \n \n \n Grakoui \n A, \n \n et al. \n Evidence that the N-terminal domain of nonstructural protein NS3 from yellow fever virus is a serine protease responsible for site-specific cleavages in the viral polyprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990;87(22):8898\u20138902."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b43","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"3108","article-title":"The serine protease and RNA-stimulated nucleoside triphosphatase and RNA helicase functional domains of dengue virus type 2 NS3 converge within a region of 20 amino acids","volume":"73","author":"Li \n H,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Li \n H, \n \n \n Clum \n S, \n \n \n You \n S, \n \n \n Ebner \n KE, \n \n \n Padmanabhan \n R. \n \n \n The serine protease and RNA-stimulated nucleoside triphosphatase and RNA helicase functional domains of dengue virus type 2 NS3 converge within a region of 20 amino acids. J Virol. 1999;73(4):3108\u20133116."},{"issue":"20","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b44","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"9633","article-title":"Mutagenesis of the Dengue virus type 2 NS3 protein within and outside helicase motifs: effects on enzyme activity and virus replication","volume":"75","author":"Matusan \n AE,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Matusan \n AE, \n \n \n Pryor \n MJ, \n \n \n Davidson \n AD, \n \n \n Wright \n PJ. \n \n \n Mutagenesis of the Dengue virus type 2 NS3 protein within and outside helicase motifs: effects on enzyme activity and virus replication. J Virol. 2001;75(20):9633\u20139643."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b45","series-title":"Virology","first-page":"122","article-title":"Expression, purification, and characterization of the RNA 5\u2032-triphosphatase activity of dengue virus type 2 nonstructural protein 3","volume":"299","author":"Bartelma \n G,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bartelma \n G, \n \n \n Padmanabhan \n R. \n \n \n Expression, purification, and characterization of the RNA 5\u2032-triphosphatase activity of dengue virus type 2 nonstructural protein 3. Virology. 2002;299(1):122\u2013132."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b46","series-title":"Virology","first-page":"208","article-title":"The RNA helicase, nucleotide 5\u2032-triphosphatase, and RNA 5\u2032-triphosphatase activities of Dengue virus protein NS3 are Mg2+-dependent and require a functional Walker B motif in the helicase catalytic core","volume":"328","author":"Benarroch \n D,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Benarroch \n D, \n \n \n Selisko \n B, \n \n \n Locatelli \n GA, \n \n \n Maga \n G, \n \n \n Romette \n JL, \n \n \n Canard \n B. \n \n \n The RNA helicase, nucleotide 5\u2032-triphosphatase, and RNA 5\u2032-triphosphatase activities of Dengue virus protein NS3 are Mg2+-dependent and require a functional Walker B motif in the helicase catalytic core. Virology. 2004;328(2):208\u2013218."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b47","series-title":"Virology","first-page":"265","article-title":"The NS 3 nonstructural protein of flaviviruses contains an RNA triphosphatase activity","volume":"197","author":"Wengler \n G,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wengler \n G, \n \n \n Wengler \n G. \n \n \n The NS 3 nonstructural protein of flaviviruses contains an RNA triphosphatase activity. Virology. 1993;197(1):265\u2013273."},{"issue":"16","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b48","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"10278","article-title":"Structure of the Dengue virus helicase\/nucleoside triphosphatase catalytic domain at a resolution of 2.4 A","volume":"79","author":"Xu \n T,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Xu \n T, \n \n \n Sampath \n A, \n \n \n Chao \n A, \n \n et al. \n Structure of the Dengue virus helicase\/nucleoside triphosphatase catalytic domain at a resolution of 2.4 A. J Virol. 2005;79(16):10278\u201310288."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b49","series-title":"FEBS Lett","first-page":"691","article-title":"Analysis of the nucleoside triphosphatase, RNA triphosphatase, and unwinding activities of the helicase domain of dengue virus NS3 protein","volume":"583","author":"Wang \n CC,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang \n CC, \n \n \n Huang \n ZS, \n \n \n Chiang \n PL, \n \n \n Chen \n CT, \n \n \n Wu \n HN. \n \n \n Analysis of the nucleoside triphosphatase, RNA triphosphatase, and unwinding activities of the helicase domain of dengue virus NS3 protein. FEBS Lett. 2009;583(4):691\u2013696."},{"issue":"pt 9","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b50","series-title":"J Gen Virol","first-page":"2605","article-title":"Dengue virus NS4B interacts with NS3 and dissociates it from single-stranded RNA","volume":"87","author":"Umareddy \n I,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Umareddy \n I, \n \n \n Chao \n A, \n \n \n Sampath \n A, \n \n \n Gu \n F, \n \n \n Vasudevan \n SG. \n \n \n Dengue virus NS4B interacts with NS3 and dissociates it from single-stranded RNA. J Gen Virol. 2006;87(pt 9):2605\u20132614."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b51","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"6104","article-title":"Dengue virus type 1 nonstructural glycoprotein NS1 is secreted from mammalian cells as a soluble hexamer in a glycosylation-dependent fashion","volume":"73","author":"Flamand \n M,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Flamand \n M, \n \n \n Megret \n F, \n \n \n Mathieu \n M, \n \n \n Lepault \n J, \n \n \n Rey \n FA, \n \n \n Deubel \n V. \n \n \n Dengue virus type 1 nonstructural glycoprotein NS1 is secreted from mammalian cells as a soluble hexamer in a glycosylation-dependent fashion. J Virol. 1999;73(7):6104\u20136110."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b52","series-title":"Virology","first-page":"302","article-title":"Newly synthesized dengue-2 virus nonstructural protein NS1 is a soluble protein but becomes partially hydrophobic and membrane-associated after dimerization","volume":"171","author":"Winkler \n G,","year":"1989","unstructured":"Winkler \n G, \n \n \n Maxwell \n SE, \n \n \n Ruemmler \n C, \n \n \n Stollar \n V. \n \n \n Newly synthesized dengue-2 virus nonstructural protein NS1 is a soluble protein but becomes partially hydrophobic and membrane-associated after dimerization. Virology. 1989;171(1):302\u2013305."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b53","series-title":"FASEB J","first-page":"1603","article-title":"Dengue virus nonstructural protein 1 is expressed in a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-linked form that is capable of signal transduction","volume":"14","author":"Jacobs \n MG,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jacobs \n MG, \n \n \n Robinson \n PJ, \n \n \n Bletchly \n C, \n \n \n Mackenzie \n JM, \n \n \n Young \n PR. \n \n \n Dengue virus nonstructural protein 1 is expressed in a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-linked form that is capable of signal transduction. FASEB J. 2000;14(11):1603\u20131610."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b54","series-title":"Cell Host Microbe","first-page":"365","article-title":"Composition and three-dimensional architecture of the dengue virus replication and assembly sites","volume":"5","author":"Welsch \n S,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Welsch \n S, \n \n \n Miller \n S, \n \n \n Romero-Brey \n I, \n \n et al. \n Composition and three-dimensional architecture of the dengue virus replication and assembly sites. Cell Host Microbe. 2009;5(4):365\u2013375."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b55","series-title":"J Biol Chem","first-page":"8873","article-title":"The non-structural protein 4A of dengue virus is an integral membrane protein inducing membrane alterations in a 2K-regulated manner","volume":"282","author":"Miller \n S,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Miller \n S, \n \n \n Kastner \n S, \n \n \n Krijnse-Locker \n J, \n \n \n Buhler \n S, \n \n \n Bartenschlager \n R. \n \n \n The non-structural protein 4A of dengue virus is an integral membrane protein inducing membrane alterations in a 2K-regulated manner. J Biol Chem. 2007;282(12):8873\u20138882."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b56","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"6650","article-title":"Ultrastructure of Kunjin virus-infected cells: colocalization of NS1 and NS3 with double-stranded RNA, and of NS2B with NS3, in virus-induced membrane structures","volume":"71","author":"Westaway \n EG,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Westaway \n EG, \n \n \n Mackenzie \n JM, \n \n \n Kenney \n MT, \n \n \n Jones \n MK, \n \n \n Khromykh \n AA. \n \n \n Ultrastructure of Kunjin virus-infected cells: colocalization of NS1 and NS3 with double-stranded RNA, and of NS2B with NS3, in virus-induced membrane structures. J Virol. 1997;71(9):6650\u20136661."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b57","series-title":"Virology","first-page":"203","article-title":"Subcellular localization and some biochemical properties of the flavivirus Kunjin nonstructural proteins NS2A and NS4A","volume":"245","author":"Mackenzie \n JM,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mackenzie \n JM, \n \n \n Khromykh \n AA, \n \n \n Jones \n MK, \n \n \n Westaway \n EG. \n \n \n Subcellular localization and some biochemical properties of the flavivirus Kunjin nonstructural proteins NS2A and NS4A. Virology. 1998;245(2):203\u2013215."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b58","series-title":"MBio","first-page":"e00553","article-title":"Dengue virus NS proteins inhibit RIG-I\/MAVS signaling by blocking TBK1\/IRF3 phosphorylation: dengue virus serotype 1 NS4A is a unique interferon-regulating virulence determinant","volume":"6","author":"Dalrymple \n NA,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dalrymple \n NA, \n \n \n Cimica \n V, \n \n \n Mackow \n ER. \n \n \n Dengue virus NS proteins inhibit RIG-I\/MAVS signaling by blocking TBK1\/IRF3 phosphorylation: dengue virus serotype 1 NS4A is a unique interferon-regulating virulence determinant. MBio. 2015;6(3):e00553\u201315."},{"issue":"16","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b59","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"8276","article-title":"Cardif-mediated signaling controls the initial innate response to dengue virus in vivo","volume":"83","author":"Perry \n ST,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Perry \n ST, \n \n \n Prestwood \n TR, \n \n \n Lada \n SM, \n \n \n Benedict \n CA, \n \n \n Shresta \n S. \n \n \n Cardif-mediated signaling controls the initial innate response to dengue virus in vivo. J Virol. 2009;83(16):8276\u20138281."},{"issue":"13","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b60","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"8004","article-title":"Inhibition of alpha\/beta interferon signaling by the NS4B protein of flaviviruses","volume":"79","author":"Munoz-Jordan \n JL,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Munoz-Jordan \n JL, \n \n \n Laurent-Rolle \n M, \n \n \n Ashour \n J, \n \n et al. \n Inhibition of alpha\/beta interferon signaling by the NS4B protein of flaviviruses. J Virol. 2005;79(13):8004\u20138013."},{"issue":"24","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b61","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"14333","article-title":"Inhibition of interferon signaling by dengue virus","volume":"100","author":"Munoz-Jordan \n JL,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Munoz-Jordan \n JL, \n \n \n Sanchez-Burgos \n GG, \n \n \n Laurent-Rolle \n M, \n \n \n Garcia-Sastre \n A. \n \n \n Inhibition of interferon signaling by dengue virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(24):14333\u201314338."},{"issue":"25","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b62","series-title":"J Biol Chem","first-page":"22147","article-title":"Flavivirus NS4A-induced autophagy protects cells against death and enhances virus replication","volume":"286","author":"McLean \n JE,","year":"2011","unstructured":"McLean \n JE, \n \n \n Wudzinska \n A, \n \n \n Datan \n E, \n \n \n Quaglino \n D, \n \n \n Zakeri \n Z. \n \n \n Flavivirus NS4A-induced autophagy protects cells against death and enhances virus replication. J Biol Chem. 2011;286(25):22147\u201322159."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b63","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"4281","article-title":"Scanning mutagenesis studies reveal a potential intramolecular interaction within the C-terminal half of dengue virus NS2A involved in viral RNA replication and virus assembly and secretion","volume":"89","author":"Wu \n RH,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu \n RH, \n \n \n Tsai \n MH, \n \n \n Chao \n DY, \n \n \n Yueh \n A. \n \n \n Scanning mutagenesis studies reveal a potential intramolecular interaction within the C-terminal half of dengue virus NS2A involved in viral RNA replication and virus assembly and secretion. J Virol. 2015;89(8):4281\u20134295."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b64","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"1298","article-title":"Two distinct sets of NS2A molecules are responsible for dengue virus RNA synthesis and virion assembly","volume":"89","author":"Xie \n X,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xie \n X, \n \n \n Zou \n J, \n \n \n Puttikhunt \n C, \n \n \n Yuan \n Z, \n \n \n Shi \n PY. \n \n \n Two distinct sets of NS2A molecules are responsible for dengue virus RNA synthesis and virion assembly. J Virol. 2015;89(2):1298\u20131313."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b65","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"5414","article-title":"Dengue virus inhibits alpha interferon signaling by reducing STAT2 expression","volume":"79","author":"Jones \n M,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jones \n M, \n \n \n Davidson \n A, \n \n \n Hibbert \n L, \n \n et al. \n Dengue virus inhibits alpha interferon signaling by reducing STAT2 expression. J Virol. 2005;79(9):5414\u20135420."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b66","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"4623","article-title":"Regulated cleavages at the West Nile virus NS4A-2K-NS4B junctions play a major role in rearranging cytoplasmic membranes and Golgi trafficking of the NS4A protein","volume":"80","author":"Roosendaal \n J,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Roosendaal \n J, \n \n \n Westaway \n EG, \n \n \n Khromykh \n A, \n \n \n Mackenzie \n JM. \n \n \n Regulated cleavages at the West Nile virus NS4A-2K-NS4B junctions play a major role in rearranging cytoplasmic membranes and Golgi trafficking of the NS4A protein. J Virol. 2006;80(9):4623\u20134632."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b67","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e84040","article-title":"Induction of endoplasmic reticulum-derived replication-competent membrane structures by West Nile virus non-structural protein 4B","volume":"9","author":"Kaufusi \n PH,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kaufusi \n PH, \n \n \n Kelley \n JF, \n \n \n Yanagihara \n R, \n \n \n Nerurkar \n VR. \n \n \n Induction of endoplasmic reticulum-derived replication-competent membrane structures by West Nile virus non-structural protein 4B. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e84040."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b68","series-title":"Arch Virol","first-page":"687","article-title":"Full-length sequencing and genomic characterization of Bagaza, Kedougou, and Zika viruses","volume":"152","author":"Kuno \n G,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kuno \n G, \n \n \n Chang \n GJ. \n \n \n Full-length sequencing and genomic characterization of Bagaza, Kedougou, and Zika viruses. Arch Virol. 2007;152(4):687\u2013696."},{"issue":"19","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b69","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"10543","article-title":"Infectious entry of West Nile virus occurs through a clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway","volume":"78","author":"Chu \n JJ,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chu \n JJ, \n \n \n Ng \n ML. \n \n \n Infectious entry of West Nile virus occurs through a clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway. J Virol. 2004;78(19):10543\u201310555."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b70","series-title":"Virology","first-page":"463","article-title":"Analysis of the endocytic pathway mediating the infectious entry of mosquito-borne flavivirus West Nile into Aedes albopictus mosquito (C6\/36) cells","volume":"349","author":"Chu \n JJ,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chu \n JJ, \n \n \n Leong \n PW, \n \n \n Ng \n ML. \n \n \n Analysis of the endocytic pathway mediating the infectious entry of mosquito-borne flavivirus West Nile into Aedes albopictus mosquito (C6\/36) cells. Virology. 2006;349(2):463\u2013475."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1543-2165-141-1-33-b71","series-title":"Viruses","first-page":"69","article-title":"Flavivirus entry receptors: an update","volume":"6","author":"Perera-Lecoin \n M,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Perera-Lecoin \n M, \n \n \n Meertens \n L, \n \n \n Carnec \n X, \n \n \n Amara \n A. \n \n \n Flavivirus entry receptors: an update. 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