{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T11:29:33Z","timestamp":1774610973311,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context.\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Related to the advances in prenatal diagnosis and the emergence of medically challenging situations, there has been an increased interest in conducting a pathologic study of first-trimester abortion products.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective.\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate measurements across a large group of first-trimester spontaneous abortion specimens. Potential goals include a validation of prenatal embryo and gestational-sac measurements as a function of gestational age (GA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design.\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective case study of first-trimester spontaneous abortions between June 2015 and April 2017 in Centro de Gen\u00e9tica Cl\u00ednica Embryo-Fetal Pathology Laboratory, Porto, Portugal. Considering the inclusion criteria, 585 complete gestational sacs, 182 embryos, and 116 umbilical cords were selected. We recorded the weight of the gestational sacs and embryos and measurements of gestational sacs, umbilical cords, and embryo crown-rump length. Models were computed using regression techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gestational-sac diameter percentiles 5, 25, 50, 75 and 95 were calculated according to GA, and at each 1-week interval the diameter increased an average of 3 mm. Umbilical cord length percentiles 5, 25, 50, 75 and 95 were calculated according to GA, and at each 1-week interval, the length increased an average of 1.35 mm. Embryo crown-rump length estimated mean \u00b1 SD values were GA 6 weeks, 5.3 \u00b1 2.3 mm; GA 7 weeks, 9.4 \u00b1 4.8 mm; GA 8 weeks, 13.7 \u00b1 8.2 mm; GA 9 weeks, 20.8 \u00b1 9.1 mm; GA 10 weeks, 22.6 \u00b1 13.4 mm; GA 11 weeks, 29.4 \u00b1 12.9 mm; and GA 12 weeks, 52 mm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pathologic measurements obtained should be compared to expected measurements and correlated with ultrasound findings, clinical information, and microscopic findings. Deviations from expected values could lead to an understanding of early pregnancy loss.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2018-0181-oa","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,7]],"date-time":"2019-06-07T14:18:15Z","timestamp":1559917095000},"page":"207-214","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Measurements in First-Trimester Abortion Products: A Pathologic Study"],"prefix":"10.5858","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"Rosete","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Surgical Sciences Domain, Medicine School (Drs Nogueira and Pinto) and the Engineering School, Department of Production and Systems (Dr Braga), Minho University, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; the Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), ICVS\/3B's\u2013PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal (Drs Nogueira and Pinto); the Embryo-fetal Pathology Laboratory"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Surgical Sciences Domain, Medicine School (Drs Nogueira and Pinto) and the Engineering School, Department of Production and Systems (Dr Braga), Minho University, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; the Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), ICVS\/3B's\u2013PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal (Drs Nogueira and Pinto); the Embryo-fetal Pathology Laboratory"}]},{"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Braga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Surgical Sciences Domain, Medicine School (Drs Nogueira and Pinto) and the Engineering School, Department of Production and Systems (Dr Braga), Minho University, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; the Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), ICVS\/3B's\u2013PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal (Drs Nogueira and Pinto); the Embryo-fetal Pathology Laboratory"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Surgical Sciences Domain, Medicine School (Drs Nogueira and Pinto) and the Engineering School, Department of Production and Systems (Dr Braga), Minho University, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; the Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), ICVS\/3B's\u2013PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal (Drs Nogueira and Pinto); the Embryo-fetal Pathology Laboratory"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Surgical Sciences Domain, Medicine School (Drs Nogueira and Pinto) and the Engineering School, Department of Production and Systems (Dr Braga), Minho University, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; the Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), ICVS\/3B's\u2013PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal (Drs Nogueira and Pinto); the Embryo-fetal Pathology Laboratory"}]},{"given":"Ol\u00edmpia","family":"Carmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Surgical Sciences Domain, Medicine School (Drs Nogueira and Pinto) and the Engineering School, Department of Production and Systems (Dr Braga), Minho University, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; the Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), ICVS\/3B's\u2013PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal (Drs Nogueira and Pinto); the Embryo-fetal Pathology Laboratory"}]},{"given":"Maria Purifica\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Surgical Sciences Domain, Medicine School (Drs Nogueira and Pinto) and the Engineering School, Department of Production and Systems (Dr Braga), Minho University, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; the Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), ICVS\/3B's\u2013PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal (Drs Nogueira and Pinto); the Embryo-fetal Pathology Laboratory"}]},{"given":"Jorge Correia","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Surgical Sciences Domain, Medicine School (Drs Nogueira and Pinto) and the Engineering School, Department of Production and Systems (Dr Braga), Minho University, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; the Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), ICVS\/3B's\u2013PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal (Drs Nogueira and Pinto); the Embryo-fetal Pathology Laboratory"}]}],"member":"3906","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020081300322154600_i1543-2165-144-2-207-b01","first-page":"117","article-title":"Birth defects and prenatal diagnosis","author":"Sadler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Langman's Medical Embryology. 13th ed"},{"key":"2020081300322154600_i1543-2165-144-2-207-b02","first-page":"1","article-title":"Development of the embryo, fetus and placenta","author":"Kalousek","year":"1992","journal-title":"Developmental Pathology of the Embryo & Fetus"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020081300322154600_i1543-2165-144-2-207-b03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)46579-9","article-title":"Early embryonic mortality in women","volume":"38","author":"Edmonds","year":"1982","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020081300322154600_i1543-2165-144-2-207-b04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198807283190401","article-title":"Incidence of early loss of pregnancy","volume":"319","author":"Wilcox","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020081300322154600_i1543-2165-144-2-207-b05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)92865-9","article-title":"Unsuspected pregnancy loss in healthy women","volume":"21","author":"Whittaker","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020081300322154600_i1543-2165-144-2-207-b06","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)58144-8","article-title":"Estimates of human fertility and pregnancy loss","volume":"65","author":"Zinaman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020081300322154600_i1543-2165-144-2-207-b07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1053\/beog.2000.0123","article-title":"Epidemiology and the medical causes of miscarriage","volume":"14","author":"Regan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bailliere Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020081300322154600_i1543-2165-144-2-207-b08","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg309","article-title":"Embryoscopic and cytogenetic analysis of 233 missed abortions: factors involved in the pathogenesis of developmental defects of early failed pregnancies","volume":"18","author":"Philipp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020081300322154600_i1543-2165-144-2-207-b09","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a136378","article-title":"Causes of early embryonic loss in human pregnancy","volume":"1","author":"Edwards","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020081300322154600_i1543-2165-144-2-207-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(01)00613-3","article-title":"Risk factors in miscarriage: a review","volume":"102","author":"Garcia-Enguidanos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020081300322154600_i1543-2165-144-2-207-b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2013.10.010","article-title":"Recurrent miscarriage clinics","volume":"41","author":"Van den Berg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020081300322154600_i1543-2165-144-2-207-b12","first-page":"271","article-title":"Primer panel: screening de aneuploid\u00edas; 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