{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T20:55:29Z","timestamp":1785012929899,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"The Pediatric Pharmacy Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The incidence of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) has increased dramatically during the past 15 years, likely due to an increase in antepartum maternal opiate use. Optimal care of these patients is still controversial because of the available published literature lacking sufficient sample size, placebo control, and comparative pharmacologic trials. Primary treatment for NAS consists of opioid replacement therapy with either morphine or methadone. Paregoric and tincture of opium have been abandoned because of relative safety concerns. Buprenorphine is emerging as a treatment option with promising initial experience. Adjunctive agents should be considered for infants failing treatment with opioid monotherapy. Traditionally, phenobarbital has been used as adjunctive therapy; however, results of clonidine as adjunctive therapy for NAS appear to be beneficial. Future directions for research in NAS should include validating a simplified scoring tool, conducting comparative studies, exploring home management options, and optimizing management through pharmacogenomics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5863\/1551-6776-19.3.147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]],"date-time":"2020-10-27T20:14:43Z","timestamp":1603829683000},"page":"147-155","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: Essentials for the Practitioner"],"prefix":"10.5863","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Anita","family":"Siu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey"},{"name":"2Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine A.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey"},{"name":"3Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3883","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"i1551-6776-19-3-147-b1","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"e540","article-title":"Neonatal drug withdrawal","volume":"129","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hudak\n              ML\n            , TanRC; The Committee On Drugs; The Committee On Fetus And Newborn; American Academy of Pediatrics. Neonatal drug withdrawal. Pediatrics. 2012;129(2):e540\u2013e560."},{"key":"i1551-6776-19-3-147-b2","series-title":"Results From the 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings","year":"2013","unstructured":"Results From the 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2013. HHS publication (SMA) 12\u20134713."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1551-6776-19-3-147-b3","series-title":"Obstet Gynecol","first-page":"1070","article-title":"ACOG Committee Opinion No. 524: opioid abuse, dependence, and addiction in pregnancy","volume":"119","year":"2012","unstructured":"Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women, American Society of Addiction Medicine. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 524: opioid abuse, dependence, and addiction in pregnancy. 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