{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T12:22:14Z","timestamp":1756902134822,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"The Pediatric Pharmacy Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We describe the use of topiramate in a healthy 12-year-old (88-kg) male who developed refractory generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Seizures persisted despite aggressive use of benzodiazepines (intravenous lorazepam; oral clorazepate), barbiturates (i.e., phenobarbital, pentobarbital), and hydantoins. The child's seizures were controlled with nasogastrically administered topiramate in doses up to 500 mg twice daily (11.4 mg\/kg\/day). The patient did not display any clinical or laboratory signs of metabolic acidosis while receiving topiramate. Topiramate should be considered as a treatment option in refractory status epilepticus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5863\/1551-6776-19.4.317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]],"date-time":"2020-10-27T19:44:00Z","timestamp":1603827840000},"page":"317-324","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enteral Topiramate in a Pediatric Patient with Refractory Status Epilepticus: A Case Report and Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.5863","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Chasity M.","family":"Shelton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth L.","family":"Alford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Storgion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Wheless","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee"},{"name":"3Neuroscience Institute and Le Bonheur Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie J.","family":"Phelps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee"},{"name":"2Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3883","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"i1551-6776-19-4-317-b1","series-title":"Arch Neurol","first-page":"205","article-title":"Refractory status epilepticus: frequency, risk factors, and impact on outcome","volume":"59","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mayer\n              SA\n            , ClaassenJ, LokinJ, et al. Refractory status epilepticus: frequency, risk factors, and impact on outcome. Arch Neurol. 2002;59(2):205\u2013210."},{"issue":"suppl 7","key":"i1551-6776-19-4-317-b2","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"23","article-title":"Treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in childhood: recommendations of the Italian League Against Epilepsy","volume":"54","year":"2013","unstructured":"Capovilla\n              G\n            , BeccariaF, BeghiE, et al. Treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in childhood: recommendations of the Italian League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2013;54(suppl 7):23\u201334."},{"issue":"9531","key":"i1551-6776-19-4-317-b3","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"222","article-title":"Incidence, cause, and short-term outcome of convulsive status epilepticus in childhood: prospective population-based study","volume":"368","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chin\n              RF\n            , NevilleBG, PeckhamC, et al. Incidence, cause, and short-term outcome of convulsive status epilepticus in childhood: prospective population-based study. Lancet. 2006;368(9531):222\u2013229."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1551-6776-19-4-317-b4","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"615","article-title":"Aborted and refractory status epilepticus in children: a comparative analysis","volume":"49","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lambrechtsen\n              FA\n            , BuchhalterJR.\n          Aborted and refractory status epilepticus in children: a comparative analysis. Epilepsia. 2008;49(4):615\u2013625."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1551-6776-19-4-317-b5","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"358","article-title":"Outcome of status epilepticus in children treated in the intensive care unit: a study of 302 cases","volume":"52","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kravljanac\n              R\n            , JovicN, DjuricM, et al. Outcome of status epilepticus in children treated in the intensive care unit: a study of 302 cases. Epilepsia. 2011;52(2):358\u2013363."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1551-6776-19-4-317-b6","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"1353","article-title":"Efficacy of topiramate in children with refractory status epilepticus","volume":"44","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kahriman\n              M\n            , MinecanD, KutluayE, et al. Efficacy of topiramate in children with refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2003;44(10):1353\u20131356."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1551-6776-19-4-317-b7","series-title":"J Child Neurol","first-page":"239","article-title":"Pediatric refractory partial status epilepticus responsive to topiramate","volume":"20","year":"2005","unstructured":"Blumkin\n              L\n            , Lerman-SagieT, HouriT, et al. Pediatric refractory partial status epilepticus responsive to topiramate. J Child Neurol. 2005;20(3);239\u2013241."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1551-6776-19-4-317-b8","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"1070","article-title":"Topiramate loading for refractory status epilepticus in children","volume":"47","year":"2006","unstructured":"Perry\n              MS\n            , HoltPJ, SladkyJT.\n          Topiramate loading for refractory status epilepticus in children. Epilepsia. 2006;47(6);1070\u20131071."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1551-6776-19-4-317-b9","series-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr","first-page":"565","article-title":"Topiramate is effective for status epilepticus and seizure control in neuraminidase deficiency","volume":"69","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bragatti\n              JA\n            , TorresCM, NettoCB, et al. Topiramate is effective for status epilepticus and seizure control in neuraminidase deficiency. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2011;69(3):565\u2013566."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1551-6776-19-4-317-b10","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"1425","article-title":"Treatment of pediatric refractory status epilepticus with topiramate","volume":"27","year":"2011","unstructured":"Akyildiz\n              BN\n            , KumandaS.\n          Treatment of pediatric refractory status epilepticus with topiramate. Childs Nerv Syst. 2011;27(9):1425\u20131430."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1551-6776-19-4-317-b11","series-title":"Eur J Neurol","first-page":"111","article-title":"Topiramate in drug-resistant complex partial status epilepticus","volume":"9","year":"2002","unstructured":"Reuber\n              M\n            , EvansJ, BamfordJM.\n          Topiramate in drug-resistant complex partial status epilepticus. Eur J Neurol. 2002;9(1):111\u2013112."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1551-6776-19-4-317-b12","series-title":"Epilepsy Behav","first-page":"757","article-title":"Topiramate and status epilepticus: report of three cases","volume":"4","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bensalem\n              MK\n            , FakhouryTA.\n          Topiramate and status epilepticus: report of three cases. Epilepsy Behav. 2003;4(6):757\u2013760."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1551-6776-19-4-317-b13","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"332","article-title":"The use of topiramate in refractory status epilepticus","volume":"60","year":"2003","unstructured":"Towne\n              AR\n            , GarnettLK, WaterhouseEJ, et al. The use of topiramate in refractory status epilepticus. Neurology. 2003;60(2):332\u2013334."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1551-6776-19-4-317-b14","series-title":"Acta Neurol Scand","first-page":"e7","article-title":"Oral topiramate as an add-on treatment for refractory status epilepticus","volume":"125","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stojanova\n              V\n            , RossettiAO.\n          Oral topiramate as an add-on treatment for refractory status epilepticus. Acta Neurol Scand. 2012;125(2):e7\u2013e11."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"i1551-6776-19-4-317-b15","series-title":"Epilepsy Res","first-page":"232","article-title":"The efficacy of topiramate in adult refractory status epilepticus: experience of a tertiary care center","volume":"98","year":"2012","unstructured":"Synowiec\n              AS\n            , YandoraKA, YenugadhatiV, et al. The efficacy of topiramate in adult refractory status epilepticus: experience of a tertiary care center. Epilepsy Res. 2012;98(2\u20133):232\u2013237."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1551-6776-19-4-317-b16","series-title":"CNS Drugs","first-page":"761","article-title":"Topiramate as an adjunctive treatment in patients with refractory status epilepticus: an observational cohort study","volume":"26","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hottinger\n              A\n            , SutterR, MarschS, R\u00fceggS.\n          Topiramate as an adjunctive treatment in patients with refractory status epilepticus: an observational cohort study. CNS Drugs. 2012;26(9):761\u2013772."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1551-6776-19-4-317-b17","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"1210","article-title":"Randomized, concentration-controlled trial of topiramate in refractory focal epilepsy","volume":"61","year":"2003","unstructured":"Christensen\n              J\n            , AndreasenF, PoulsenJ, DamM.\n          Randomized, concentration-controlled trial of topiramate in refractory focal epilepsy. Neurology. 2003;61(9):1210\u20131218."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1551-6776-19-4-317-b18","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"605","article-title":"The new anti-epileptic drugs: scientific review","volume":"291","year":"2004","unstructured":"LaRoche\n              SM\n            , HelmersSL.\n          The new anti-epileptic drugs: scientific review. JAMA. 2004;291(5):605\u2013614."},{"issue":"suppl 5","key":"i1551-6776-19-4-317-b19","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"S2","article-title":"Comparative anticonvulsant and mechanistic profile of the established and newer antiepileptic drugs","volume":"40","year":"1999","unstructured":"White\n              HS.\n            \n          \n          Comparative anticonvulsant and mechanistic profile of the established and newer antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia. 1999;40(suppl 5):S2\u201310."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"i1551-6776-19-4-317-b20","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"S3","article-title":"An overview of the preclinical aspects of topiramate: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and mechanism of action","volume":"41","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shank\n              RP\n            , GardockiJF, StreeterAJ, MaryanoffBE.\n          An overview of the preclinical aspects of topiramate: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and mechanism of action. Epilepsia. 2000;41(suppl 1):S3\u20139."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"i1551-6776-19-4-317-b21","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"S40","article-title":"Effects of topiramate on sustained repetitive firing and spontaneous recurrent seizure discharges in cultured hippocampal neurons","volume":"41","year":"2000","unstructured":"DeLorenzo\n              RJ\n            , SombatiS, CoulterDA.\n          Effects of topiramate on sustained repetitive firing and spontaneous recurrent seizure discharges in cultured hippocampal neurons. Epilepsia. 2000;41(suppl 1):S40\u201344."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1551-6776-19-4-317-b22","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"543","article-title":"Topiramate rapidly raises brain GABA in epilepsy patients","volume":"42","year":"2001","unstructured":"Petroff\n              OA\n            , HyderF, RothmanDL, MattsonRH.\n          Topiramate rapidly raises brain GABA in epilepsy patients. Epilepsia. 2001;42(4):543\u2013548."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"i1551-6776-19-4-317-b23","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"S10","article-title":"Cellular actions of topiramate: blockade of kainate-evoked inward currents in cultured hippocampal neurons","volume":"41","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gibbs\n              JW\n              III\n            , SombatiS, DeLorenzoRJ, CoulterDA.\n          Cellular actions of topiramate: blockade of kainate-evoked inward currents in cultured hippocampal neurons. Epilepsia. 2000;41(suppl 1):S10\u201316."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"i1551-6776-19-4-317-b24","series-title":"Epilepsia.","first-page":"S52","article-title":"Modulation of high-voltage-activated calcium channels in dentate granule cells by topiramate","volume":"41","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zhang\n              X\n            , VelumianAA, JonesOT, CarlenPL.\n          Modulation of high-voltage-activated calcium channels in dentate granule cells by topiramate. Epilepsia.2000;41(suppl 1):S52\u201360."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"i1551-6776-19-4-317-b25","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"S35","article-title":"Topiramate as an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes","volume":"41","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dodgson\n              SJ\n            , ShankRP, MaryanoffBE.\n          Topiramate as an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes. Epilepsia. 2000;41(suppl 1):S35\u201339."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1551-6776-19-4-317-b26","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"387","article-title":"Topiramate and metabolic acidosis in pediatric epilepsy","volume":"42","year":"2001","unstructured":"Takeoka\n              M\n            , HolmesGL, ThieleE, et al. Topiramate and metabolic acidosis in pediatric epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2001;42(3):387\u2013392."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1551-6776-19-4-317-b27","series-title":"Anaesthesia","first-page":"830","article-title":"Topiramate induced metabolic acidosis","volume":"59","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ozer\n              Y\n            , AltunkayaH.\n          Topiramate induced metabolic acidosis. Anaesthesia. 2004;59(8):830."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1551-6776-19-4-317-b28","series-title":"Epilepsy Behav","first-page":"185","article-title":"Topiramate overdose: clinical and laboratory features","volume":"3","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fakhoury\n              T\n            , MurrayL, SegerD, et al. Topiramate overdose: clinical and laboratory features. Epilepsy Behav. 2002;3(2):185\u2013189."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1551-6776-19-4-317-b29","series-title":"J Med Toxicol","first-page":"135","article-title":"Clinical effects and toxicokinetic evaluation following massive topiramate ingestion","volume":"6","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lynch\n              MJ\n            , PizonAF, SiamMG, KrasowskiMD.\n          Clinical effects and toxicokinetic evaluation following massive topiramate ingestion. J Med Toxicol. 2010;6(2):135\u2013138."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jppt.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/jppt\/19\/4\/article-p317.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jppt\/article-pdf\/19\/4\/317\/1786562\/1551-6776-19_4_317.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jppt.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jppt\/19\/4\/article-p317.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jppt.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jppt\/19\/4\/article-p317.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:43:02Z","timestamp":1747356182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jppt.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/jppt\/19\/4\/article-p317.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5863\/1551-6776-19.4.317","relation":{},"ISSN":["1551-6776"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1551-6776"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}}}