{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:49:16Z","timestamp":1790192956923,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"The Pediatric Pharmacy Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Limited guidance on opioid use exists in the pediatric population, causing medication safety concerns for pain management in children and adolescents. Opioid misuse and use disorder continue to greatly affect adolescents and young adults in the United States, furthering the apprehension of their use. Pediatric Pharmacy Advocacy Group (PPAG) recommends pharmacists contribute their knowledge to pain management in children, including the discussion of appropriate use of non-opioid alternatives for pain and when to recommend coprescribing of naloxone. PPAG also supports the review of electronic prescription drug\u2013monitoring programs prior to opioid prescribing and dispensing by both prescribers and pharmacists. Education by pharmacists of children and their families regarding proper administration, storage, and disposal, as well as the awareness of opioid misuse and use disorder among adolescents and young adults, is key to prevention. If opioid use disorder is diagnosed, PPAG encourages improved access among adolescents to evidence-based medications including methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone. Furthermore, pharmacists should assist in screening and referral to evidence-based treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5863\/1551-6776-24.1.72","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T18:43:51Z","timestamp":1551465831000},"page":"72-75","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Opioid Use in Children"],"prefix":"10.5863","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Kelly L.","family":"Matson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter N.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Van","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan R.","family":"Horton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Sterner-Allison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"_","family":"_","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3883","reference":[{"issue":"No. RR-1","key":"i1551-6776-24-1-72-b1","series-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep","first-page":"1","article-title":"CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain\u2014United States, 2016","volume":"65","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dowell\n              D\n            , HaegerichTM, ChouR. \n          CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain\u2014United States, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2016;65(No. RR-1):1\u201349. doi:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.rr6501e1."},{"key":"i1551-6776-24-1-72-b2","series-title":"Lexicomp Online, Pediatric and Neonatal Lexi-Drugs Online","unstructured":"Lexicomp Online, Pediatric and Neonatal Lexi-Drugs Online. Hudson, OH: Wolters Kluwer Clinical Drug Information, Inc. Accessed January 19, 2019."},{"key":"i1551-6776-24-1-72-b3","series-title":"J Pain Res","first-page":"105","article-title":"Acute pain management in children","volume":"3","year":"2010","unstructured":"Verghese\n              ST\n            , HannallahRS. \n          Acute pain management in children. J Pain Res. 2010;3:105\u2013123."},{"key":"i1551-6776-24-1-72-b4","article-title":"High alert medication feature: reducing patient harm from opiates","year":"2007","unstructured":"Institute for Safe Medication Practices. \n          High alert medication feature: reducing patient harm from opiates. February22, 2007. https:\/\/www.ismp.org\/resources\/high-alert-medication-feature-reducing-patient-harm-opiates. Accessed January 19, 2019."},{"key":"i1551-6776-24-1-72-b5","article-title":"FDA restricts use of prescription codeine pain and cough medicine and tramadol pain medicines in children; recommends against use in breastfeeding women","unstructured":"FDA Drug Safety Communication [Internet]. \n          FDA restricts use of prescription codeine pain and cough medicine and tramadol pain medicines in children; recommends against use in breastfeeding women. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/Drugs\/DrugSafety\/ucm549679.htm. Accessed January 19, 2019."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1551-6776-24-1-72-b6","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"e1169","article-title":"Prescription opioids in adolescence and future opioid misuse","volume":"136","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miech\n              R\n            , JohnstonL, O'MalleyPM, \n          et al. Prescription opioids in adolescence and future opioid misuse. Pediatrics. 2015;136(5):e1169\u2013e1177."},{"key":"i1551-6776-24-1-72-b7","article-title":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2016","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. September2016. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/NSDUH-FFR2-2015\/NSDUHFFR2-2015.htm. Accessed January 19, 2019."},{"key":"i1551-6776-24-1-72-b8","series-title":"Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975\u20132016: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use","year":"2017","unstructured":"Johnston\n              LD\n            , O'MalleyPM, MiechRA, \n          et al. Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975\u20132016: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan; 2017."},{"key":"i1551-6776-24-1-72-b9","series-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend","first-page":"127","article-title":"Predictors of transition to heroin use among initially non-opioid dependent illicit pharmaceutical opioid users: a natural history study","volume":"160","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carlson\n              RG\n            , NahhasRW, MartinSS, \n          et al. Predictors of transition to heroin use among initially non-opioid dependent illicit pharmaceutical opioid users: a natural history study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;160:127\u2013134."},{"key":"i1551-6776-24-1-72-b10","article-title":"Drug overdose deaths among adolescents aged 15\u201319 in the United States: 1999\u20132015","year":"2017","unstructured":"Curtin\n              SC\n            , Tejeda-VeraB, WarnerM. \n          Drug overdose deaths among adolescents aged 15\u201319 in the United States: 1999\u20132015. NCHS Data Brief, No. 282, August2017. www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/databriefs\/db282.pdf. Accessed January 19, 2019."},{"key":"i1551-6776-24-1-72-b11","article-title":"Talking to your kids about prescription drug abuse","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. \n          Talking to your kids about prescription drug abuse. http:\/\/www.bemedwise.org\/docs\/samhsatalkingtoyourkids.pdf. Accessed January 19, 2019."},{"key":"i1551-6776-24-1-72-b12","article-title":"Lock it up: medicine safety in your home","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. \n          Lock it up: medicine safety in your home. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/ForConsumers\/ConsumerUpdates\/ucm272905.htm. Accessed January 19, 2019."},{"key":"i1551-6776-24-1-72-b13","article-title":"Disposal of unused medicines: what you should know","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. \n          Disposal of unused medicines: what you should know. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/Drugs\/ResourcesForYou\/Consumers\/BuyingUsingMedicineSafely\/EnsuringSafeUseofMedicine\/SafeDisposalof-Medicines\/ucm186187.htm. Accessed January 19, 2019."},{"key":"i1551-6776-24-1-72-b14","article-title":"Preventing Rx drug misuse: programs and strategies","year":"2016","unstructured":"SAMHSA's Center for the Application of Prevention Technologies. \n          Preventing Rx drug misuse: programs and strategies, 2016. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/capt\/sites\/default\/files\/resources\/preventing-prescription-drug-misuse-strategies.pdf. Accessed January 19, 2019."},{"key":"i1551-6776-24-1-72-b15","article-title":"SAMHSA Opioid Overdose Prevention Toolkit: Safety Advice for Patients and Family Members","unstructured":"SAMHSA Opioid Overdose Prevention Toolkit: Safety Advice for Patients and Family Members. https:\/\/www.integration.samhsa.gov\/Toolkit_Patient_-_Family_Safety.pdf. Accessed January 19, 2019."},{"key":"i1551-6776-24-1-72-b16","series-title":"Preventing drug use among children and adolescents: a research-based guide for parents, educators, and community leaders","unstructured":"National Institute of Drug Abuse. \n          Preventing drug use among children and adolescents: a research-based guide for parents, educators, and community leaders, 2nd edition. https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/preventingdruguse_2.pdf. Accessed January 19, 2019."},{"key":"i1551-6776-24-1-72-b17","article-title":"Facing Addiction in America: The Surgeon General's Report on Alcohol, Drugs, and Health, 2016","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US), Office of the Surgeon General (US)\n          \n          Facing Addiction in America: The Surgeon General's Report on Alcohol, Drugs, and Health, 2016. https:\/\/addiction.surgeongeneral.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/surgeon-generals-report.pdf. Accessed January 19, 2019."},{"issue":"18","key":"i1551-6776-24-1-72-b18","series-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm","first-page":"1539","article-title":"The opioid abuse and misuse epidemic: implications for pharmacists in hospitals and health systems","volume":"71","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cobaugh\n              DJ\n            , GainorC, GastonCL, \n          et al. The opioid abuse and misuse epidemic: implications for pharmacists in hospitals and health systems. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2014;71(18):1539\u20131554."},{"key":"i1551-6776-24-1-72-b19","article-title":"State Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs","unstructured":"Drug Enforcement Administration \u2013 Office of Diversion Control [Internet]\n          \n          State Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs. http:\/\/www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/faq\/rx_monitor.htm#4. Accessed January 19, 2019."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1551-6776-24-1-72-b20","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","first-page":"198","article-title":"Prescription Drug Abuse: Executive Summary of a Policy Position Paper from the American College of Physicians","volume":"160","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kirschner\n              N\n            , GinsburgJ, SulmasyLS, for the Health and Public Policy Committee of the American College of Physicians. \n          Prescription Drug Abuse: Executive Summary of a Policy Position Paper from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(3):198\u2013200."},{"key":"i1551-6776-24-1-72-b21","article-title":"Implementation of the STEP Law: Voluntary Non-Opioid Directive Form","unstructured":"Implementation of the STEP Law: Voluntary Non-Opioid Directive Form. http:\/\/www.mass.gov\/eohhs\/docs\/dph\/emergency-services\/advisories\/non-opioid-directive.pdf. Accessed January 19, 2019."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1551-6776-24-1-72-b22","series-title":"Hosp Pediatr","first-page":"1","article-title":"Toward better pain management: the development of a \u201cPain Stewardship Program\u201d in a tertiary children's hospital","volume":"6","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brenn\n              BG\n            , ChoudhryDK, SacksK, \n          et al. Toward better pain management: the development of a \u201cPain Stewardship Program\u201d in a tertiary children's hospital. Hosp Pediatr. 2016;6(9):1\u20139."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1551-6776-24-1-72-b23","series-title":"Pediatrics","article-title":"Substance use screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment","volume":"138","year":"2016","unstructured":"Levy\n              SJ\n            , WilliamsJF, Committee on Substance Use and Prevention. \n          Substance use screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment. Pediatrics. 2016;138(1): e20161211. DOI: 10.1542\/peds.2016-1211."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1551-6776-24-1-72-b24","series-title":"J Pain","first-page":"1208","article-title":"Motives for medical misuse of prescription opioids among adolescents","volume":"14","year":"2013","unstructured":"McCabe\n              SE\n            , WestBT, BoydCJ. \n          Motives for medical misuse of prescription opioids among adolescents. 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JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(8):747\u2013755."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1551-6776-24-1-72-b27","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"953","article-title":"The effects of a small-dose naloxone infusion on opioid-induced side effects and analgesia in children and adolescents treated with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia: a double-blind, prospective, randomized, controlled study","volume":"100","year":"2005","unstructured":"Maxwell\n              LG\n            , KaufmannSC, BitzerS, \n          et al. The effects of a small-dose naloxone infusion on opioid-induced side effects and analgesia in children and adolescents treated with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia: a double-blind, prospective, randomized, controlled study. Anesth Analg. 2005;100(4):953\u2013958."},{"key":"i1551-6776-24-1-72-b28","article-title":"Preventing the consequences of opioid overdose: understanding naloxone access laws","unstructured":"SAMHSA Center for the Application of Prevention Technologies. \n          Preventing the consequences of opioid overdose: understanding naloxone access laws. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/capt\/sites\/default\/files\/resources\/naloxone-access-laws-tool.pdf. Accessed January 19, 2019."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jppt.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/jppt\/24\/1\/article-p72.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jppt\/article-pdf\/24\/1\/72\/1786305\/1551-6776-24_1_72.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jppt.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jppt\/24\/1\/article-p72.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jppt.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jppt\/24\/1\/article-p72.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:40:50Z","timestamp":1747356050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jppt.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/jppt\/24\/1\/article-p72.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5863\/1551-6776-24.1.72","relation":{},"ISSN":["1551-6776"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1551-6776","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}}}