{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:32:11Z","timestamp":1791232331618,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"The Pediatric Pharmacy Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, dosing, efficacy, and safety of ketorolac in postoperative patients younger than 6 months of age.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>PubMed (1988\u2013July 2020), Medline (1946\u2013July 2020), and EBSCO Discovery Service (1988\u2013July 2020) were searched to identify relevant published articles using the following search terms: ketorolac, neonate, infant. English-language articles evaluating the use of ketorolac in infants younger than 6 months of age were included.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Eight reports that included 239 infants receiving ketorolac were included. Of the included patients, 237 were younger than 6 months of age. Ketorolac exhibits rapid elimination of the analgesia-producing S (\u2212) isomer, elimination half-life of 0.83 hours. Most patients received 0.5 mg\/kg\/dose every 6 hours for 48 to 72 hours. Analgesia was demonstrated by reduced use of open-label morphine and significant lowering of Neonatal\/Infant Pain Scale scores. Adverse effects were minimal when ketorolac was used in term neonates and infants without baseline renal dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Randomized placebo-controlled trials of ketorolac use in this population are lacking; however, most published reports noted efficacy and safety with ketorolac in properly selected infants.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5863\/1551-6776-26.3.240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T21:59:30Z","timestamp":1617227970000},"page":"240-247","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Ketorolac in Postoperative Neonates and Infants: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.5863","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Sadie B.","family":"Stone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3883","reference":[{"key":"i1551-6776-26-3-240-b1","article-title":"Ketorolac [package insert]","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ketorolac [package insert].\n\t\t\t\t\tDeerfield, IL:\n\t\t\t\t\tBaxter Healthcare Corporation;\n\t\t\t\t\t2006."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1551-6776-26-3-240-b2","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"1040","article-title":"Postoperative ketorolac tromethamine use in infants aged 6\u201318 months: the effect on morphine usage, safety assessment, and stereo-specific pharmacokinetics","volume":"104","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lynn\n              AM,\n            \n            \n              Bradford\n              H,\n            \n            \n              Kantor\n              ED,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tPostoperative ketorolac tromethamine use in infants aged 6\u201318 months: the effect on morphine usage, safety assessment, and stereo-specific pharmacokinetics.\n\t\t\t\t\tAnesth Analg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t104(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t1040\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1051."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1551-6776-26-3-240-b3","series-title":"Anesth","first-page":"1277","article-title":"Evaluation of intravenous ketorolac administered by bolus or infusion for treatment of postoperative pain. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study","volume":"80","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ready\n            LB,\n          \n          \n            Brown\n            CR,\n          \n          \n            Stahlgren\n            LH,\n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tEvaluation of intravenous ketorolac administered by bolus or infusion for treatment of postoperative pain. 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Ther.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t16(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t143\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t146."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1551-6776-26-3-240-b13","series-title":"South Med J","first-page":"331","article-title":"Ketorolac for pain management after abdominal surgical procedures in infants","volume":"95","year":"2002","unstructured":"Burd\n              RS,\n            \n            \n              Tobias\n              JD.\n            \n          \n          Ketorolac for pain management after abdominal surgical procedures in infants.\n\t\t\t\t\tSouth Med J.\n\t\t\t\t\t2002;\n\t\t\t\t\t95(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t331\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t333."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1551-6776-26-3-240-b14","series-title":"Paediatr Anaesth","first-page":"487","article-title":"Use of intravenous ketorolac in the neonate and premature babies","volume":"14","year":"2004","unstructured":"Papacci\n              P,\n            \n            \n              De Francisci\n              G,\n            \n            \n     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3 months old","volume":"46","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aldrink\n              JH,\n            \n            \n              Ma\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Wang\n              W,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tSafety of ketorolac in surgical neonates and infants 0 to 3 months old.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Pediatr Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t46(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t1081\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1085."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1551-6776-26-3-240-b17","series-title":"Cardiol Young","first-page":"105","article-title":"Safety of intravenous use of ketorolac in infants following cardiothoracic surgery","volume":"19","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dawkins\n              TN,\n            \n            \n              Barclay\n              CA,\n            \n            \n              Gardiner\n              RL,\n            \n            \n              Krawczeski\n              CD.\n            \n          \n          Safety of intravenous use of 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Saf","first-page":"309","article-title":"Ketorolac for postoperative pain management in children","volume":"16","year":"1997","unstructured":"Forrest\n              JB,\n            \n            \n              Heitlinger\n              EL,\n            \n            \n              Revell\n              S.\n            \n          \n          Ketorolac for postoperative pain management in children.\n\t\t\t\t\tDrug Saf.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997;\n\t\t\t\t\t16(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t309\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t329."},{"key":"i1551-6776-26-3-240-b23","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD012294","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012294. pub2","article-title":"Ketorolac for postoperative pain in children","volume":"7","year":"2018","unstructured":"McNicol\n              ED,\n            \n            \n              Rowe\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Cooper\n              TE.\n            \n          \n          Ketorolac for postoperative pain in children.\n\t\t\t\t\tCochrane Database Syst Rev.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t7:\n\t\t\t\t\tCD012294.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1002\/14651858.CD012294. pub2"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1551-6776-26-3-240-b24","series-title":"Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20154271","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4271","article-title":"Prevention and management of procedural pain in the neonate: an update","volume":"137","year":"2016","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Fetus and Newborn and Section on Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Prevention and management of procedural pain in the neonate: an update.\n\t\t\t\t\tPediatrics.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t137(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\te20154271.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1542\/peds.2015-4271"},{"issue":"12","key":"i1551-6776-26-3-240-b25","series-title":"Crit Care Med","first-page":"2786","article-title":"A randomized comparison of ketorolac tromethamine and morphine for postoperative analgesia in critically ill children","volume":"27","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lieh-Lai\n              MW,\n            \n            \n              Kauffman\n              RE,\n            \n            \n              Uy\n              HG,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tA randomized comparison of ketorolac tromethamine and morphine for postoperative analgesia in critically ill children.\n\t\t\t\t\tCrit Care Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t1999;\n\t\t\t\t\t27(\n\t\t\t\t\t12):\n\t\t\t\t\t2786\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2791."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1551-6776-26-3-240-b26","series-title":"J Pediatr Surg","first-page":"76","article-title":"Ketorolac reduces postoperative narcotic requirements","volume":"36","year":"2001","unstructured":"Carney\n              DE,\n            \n            \n              Nicolette\n              LA,\n            \n            \n              Ratner\n              MH,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tKetorolac reduces postoperative narcotic requirements.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Pediatr Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2001;\n\t\t\t\t\t36(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t76\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t79."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1551-6776-26-3-240-b27","series-title":"Anesth","first-page":"1225","article-title":"Comparison of morphine, ketorolac, and their combination for postoperative pain","volume":"103","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cepeda\n              MS,\n            \n            \n              Carr\n              DB,\n            \n            \n              Miranda\n              MD.\n            \n          \n          Comparison of morphine, ketorolac, and their combination for postoperative pain.\n\t\t\t\t\tAnesth.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t103(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t1225\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1232."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and 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