{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T19:33:24Z","timestamp":1778528004156,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"The Pediatric Pharmacy Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Intravenous beta-lactam antibiotics are the most prescribed antibiotic class in US hospitalized patients of all ages; therefore, optimizing their dosing is crucial. Bactericidal killing is best predicted by the time in which beta-lactam drug concentrations are maintained above the organism's minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), rather than achievement of a high peak concentration. As such, administration of beta-lactam antibiotics via extended or continuous infusions over a minimum of 3 hours, rather than standard infusions over approximately 30 minutes, has been associated with improved achievement of pharmacodynamic targets and improved clinical outcomes in adult medical literature. This review summarizes the pediatric medical literature. Applicable studies include pharmacodynamic models, case series, retrospective analyses, and prospective studies on the use of extended infusion and continuous infusion penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams in neonates, infants, children, and adolescents. Specialized patient populations with unique pharmacokinetics and high-risk infections (neonates, critically ill, febrile neutropenia, cystic fibrosis) are also reviewed. While more studies are needed to confirm prospective clinical outcomes, the current body of evidence suggests extended and continuous infusions of beta-lactam antibiotics are well tolerated in children and improve achievement of pharmacokineticpharmacodynamic targets with similar or superior clinical outcomes, particularly in infections associated with high MICs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5863\/1551-6776-27.3.214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T18:09:45Z","timestamp":1647886185000},"page":"214-227","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Review of Extended and Continuous Infusion Beta-Lactams in Pediatric Patients"],"prefix":"10.5863","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Taylor A.","family":"Imburgia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy (TAI), WVU Medicine Children's, Morgantown, WV"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Kussin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy (MLK), Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3883","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b1","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"e226","article-title":"Appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing in United States children's hospitals: a national point prevalence survey","volume":"71","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tribble\n              AC,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              BR,\n            \n            \n              Flett\n              KB,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tAppropriateness of antibiotic prescribing in United States children's hospitals: a national point prevalence survey.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Infect Dis.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t71(\n\t\t\t\t\t8):\n\t\t\t\t\te226\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\te234."},{"issue":"2","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b2","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"213","article-title":"Significant regional differences in antibiotic use across 576 U.S. hospitals and 11,701,326 million adult admissions, 2016\u20132017","volume":"73","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goodman\n              KE,\n            \n            \n              Cosgrove\n              SE,\n            \n            \n              Pineles\n              L,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tSignificant regional differences in antibiotic use across 576 U.S. hospitals and 11,701,326 million adult admissions, 2016\u20132017.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Infect Dis.\n\t\t\t\t\t2021;\n\t\t\t\t\t73(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t213\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t222."},{"issue":"1","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b3","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"79","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial therapy: it's not just for mice anymore","volume":"44","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ambrose\n              PG,\n            \n            \n              Bhavnani\n              SM,\n            \n            \n              Rubino\n              CM,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tPharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial therapy: it's not just for mice anymore.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Infect Dis.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t44(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t79\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t86."},{"issue":"1","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b4","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic parameters: rationale for antibacterial dosing of mice and men","volume":"26","year":"1998","unstructured":"Craig\n              WA.\n            \n          \n          Pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic parameters: rationale for antibacterial dosing of mice and men.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Infect Dis.\n\t\t\t\t\t1998;\n\t\t\t\t\t26(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t10."},{"issue":"5","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b5","series-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep","first-page":"9","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic considerations of beta-lactam antibiotics in adult critically ill patients","volume":"20","year":"2018","unstructured":"Masich\n              AM,\n            \n            \n              Heavner\n              MS,\n            \n            \n              Gonzales\n              JP,\n            \n            \n              Claeys\n              KC.\n            \n          \n          Pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic considerations of beta-lactam antibiotics in adult critically ill patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tCurr Infect Dis Rep.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t20(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t9."},{"issue":"2","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b6","series-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet","first-page":"173","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and target attainment of antibiotics in critically ill children: a systematic review of current literature","volume":"59","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hartman\n              SJF,\n            \n            \n              Br\u00fcggemann\n              RJ,\n            \n            \n              Orri\u00ebns\n              L,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tPharmacokinetics and target attainment of antibiotics in critically ill children: a systematic review of current literature.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Pharmacokinet.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t59(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t173\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t205."},{"issue":"12","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b7","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1157","article-title":"Developmental pharmacology-drug disposition, action, and therapy in infants and children","volume":"349","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kearns\n              GL,\n            \n            \n              Abdel-Rahman\n              SM,\n            \n            \n              Alander\n              SW,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tDevelopmental pharmacology-drug disposition, action, and therapy in infants and children.\n\t\t\t\t\tN Engl J Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003;\n\t\t\t\t\t349(\n\t\t\t\t\t12):\n\t\t\t\t\t1157\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1167."},{"issue":"11","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b8","series-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet","first-page":"1077","article-title":"Guidelines on paediatric dosing on the basis of developmental physiology and pharmacokinetic considerations","volume":"45","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bartelink\n              IH,\n            \n            \n              Rademaker\n              CM,\n            \n            \n              Schobben\n              AF,\n            \n            \n              van den Anker\n              JN.\n            \n          \n          Guidelines on paediatric dosing on the basis of developmental physiology and pharmacokinetic considerations.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Pharmacokinet.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t45(\n\t\t\t\t\t11):\n\t\t\t\t\t1077\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1097."},{"issue":"2","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b9","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"272","article-title":"Clinical outcomes with extended or continuous versus short-term intravenous infusion of carbapenems and piperacillin\/tazobactam: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"56","year":"2013","unstructured":"Falagas\n              ME,\n            \n            \n              Tansarli\n              GS,\n            \n            \n              Ikawa\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Vardakas\n              KZ.\n            \n          \n          Clinical outcomes with extended or continuous versus short-term intravenous infusion of carbapenems and piperacillin\/tazobactam: a systematic review and meta-analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Infect Dis.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t56(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t272\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t282."},{"issue":"10","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b10","series-title":"Intensive Care Med","first-page":"1535","article-title":"Beta-Lactam Infusion in Severe Sepsis (BLISS): a prospective, two-centre, open-labelled randomised controlled trial of continuous versus intermittent beta-lactam infusion in critically ill patients with severe sepsis","volume":"42","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abdul-Aziz\n              MH,\n            \n            \n              Sulaiman\n              H,\n            \n            \n              Mat-Nor\n              MB,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tBeta-Lactam Infusion in Severe Sepsis (BLISS): a prospective, two-centre, open-labelled randomised controlled trial of continuous versus intermittent beta-lactam infusion in critically ill patients with severe sepsis.\n\t\t\t\t\tIntensive Care Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t10):\n\t\t\t\t\t1535\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1545."},{"issue":"2","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b11","series-title":"Crit Care Med","first-page":"236","article-title":"Prolonged infusion piperacillin-tazobactam decreases mortality and improves outcomes in severely ill patients: results of a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rhodes\n              NJ,\n            \n            \n              Liu\n              J,\n            \n            \n              O'Donnell\n              JN,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tProlonged infusion piperacillin-tazobactam decreases mortality and improves outcomes in severely ill patients: results of a systematic review and meta-analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tCrit Care Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t46(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t236\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t243."},{"issue":"8","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b12","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1153","article-title":"Extended vs bolus infusion of broad-spectrum \u03b2-lactams for febrile neutropenia: an unblinded, randomized trial","volume":"67","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ram\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Halavy\n              Y,\n            \n            \n              Amit\n              O,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tExtended vs bolus infusion of broad-spectrum \u03b2-lactams for febrile neutropenia: an unblinded, randomized trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Infect Dis.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t67(\n\t\t\t\t\t8):\n\t\t\t\t\t1153\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1160."},{"issue":"1","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b13","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"108","article-title":"Prolonged versus short-term intravenous infusion of antipseudomonal \u03b2-lactams for patients with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials","volume":"18","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vardakas\n              KZ,\n            \n            \n              Voulgaris\n              GL,\n            \n            \n              Maliaros\n              A,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tProlonged versus short-term intravenous infusion of antipseudomonal \u03b2-lactams for patients with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials.\n\t\t\t\t\tLancet Infect Dis.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t18(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t108\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t120."},{"issue":"11 suppl 3","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b14","series-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm","first-page":"S100","article-title":"Outcomes of an extended-infusion piperacillin-tazobactam protocol implementation in a community teaching hospital adult intensive care unit","volume":"73","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schmees\n              PM,\n            \n            \n              Bergman\n              SJ,\n            \n            \n              Strader\n              BD,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tOutcomes of an extended-infusion piperacillin-tazobactam protocol implementation in a community teaching hospital adult intensive care unit.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Health Syst Pharm.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t73(\n\t\t\t\t\t11 suppl 3):\n\t\t\t\t\tS100\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\tS105."},{"issue":"7","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b15","series-title":"Ann Pharmacother","first-page":"754","article-title":"Clinical and economic impact of empirical extended-infusion piperacillin-tazobactam in a community medical center","volume":"49","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brunetti\n              L,\n            \n            \n              Poustchi\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Cunningham\n              D,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tClinical and economic impact of empirical extended-infusion piperacillin-tazobactam in a community medical center.\n\t\t\t\t\tAnn Pharmacother.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t49(\n\t\t\t\t\t7):\n\t\t\t\t\t754\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t760."},{"issue":"3","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b16","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"357","article-title":"Piperacillintazobactam for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: clinical implications of an extended-infusion dosing strategy","volume":"44","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lodise\n              TP\n              Jr,\n            \n            \n              Lomaestro\n              B,\n            \n            \n              Drusano\n              GL.\n            \n          \n          Piperacillintazobactam for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: clinical implications of an extended-infusion dosing strategy.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Infect Dis.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t44(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t357\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t363."},{"issue":"8","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b17","series-title":"Pharmacotherapy","first-page":"767","article-title":"The Retrospective Cohort of Extended-Infusion Piperacillin-Tazobactam (RECEIPT) study: a multicenter study","volume":"31","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yost\n              RJ,\n            \n            \n              Cappelletty\n              DM.\n            \n          \n          The Retrospective Cohort of Extended-Infusion Piperacillin-Tazobactam (RECEIPT) study: a multicenter study.\n\t\t\t\t\tPharmacotherapy.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t31(\n\t\t\t\t\t8):\n\t\t\t\t\t767\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t775."},{"issue":"12","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b18","series-title":"Clin Ther","first-page":"2297","article-title":"Outcomes of extended-infusion piperacillin-tazobactam: a retrospective analysis of critically ill patients","volume":"34","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee\n              GC,\n            \n            \n              Liou\n              H,\n            \n            \n              Yee\n              R,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tOutcomes of extended-infusion piperacillin-tazobactam: a retrospective analysis of critically ill patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Ther.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t34(\n\t\t\t\t\t12):\n\t\t\t\t\t2297\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2300."},{"issue":"3","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b19","series-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"459","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of extended versus intermittent administration of piperacillin\/tazobactam for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"36","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bao\n              H,\n            \n            \n              Lv\n              Y,\n            \n            \n              Wang\n              D,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tClinical outcomes of extended versus intermittent administration of piperacillin\/tazobactam for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t36(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t459\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t466."},{"issue":"4","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b20","series-title":"Pharmacotherapy","first-page":"471","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and pharmacoeconomics of a continuous-infusion piperacillin-tazobactam program in a large community teaching hospital","volume":"22","year":"2002","unstructured":"Grant\n              EM,\n            \n            \n              Kuti\n              JL,\n            \n            \n              Nicolau\n              DP,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tClinical efficacy and pharmacoeconomics of a continuous-infusion piperacillin-tazobactam program in a large community teaching hospital.\n\t\t\t\t\tPharmacotherapy.\n\t\t\t\t\t2002;\n\t\t\t\t\t22(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t471\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t483."},{"issue":"2","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b21","series-title":"J Pharm Pharm Sci","first-page":"274","article-title":"Evaluation outcomes associated with alternative dosing strategies for piperacillin\/tazobactam: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang\n              H,\n            \n            \n              Cui\n              X,\n            \n            \n              Ma\n              Z,\n            \n            \n              Liu\n              L.\n            \n          \n          Evaluation outcomes associated with alternative dosing strategies for piperacillin\/tazobactam: a systematic review and meta-analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Pharm Pharm Sci.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t19(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t274\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t289."},{"issue":"1","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b22","series-title":"Crit Care","first-page":"104","article-title":"Optimization of the treatment with beta-lactam antibiotics in critically ill patients-guidelines from the French Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Pharmacologie et Th\u00e9rapeutique-SFPT) and the French Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine (Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise d'Anesth\u00e9sie et R\u00e9animation-SFAR)","volume":"23","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guilhaumou\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Benaboud\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Bennis\n              Y,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tOptimization of the treatment with beta-lactam antibiotics in critically ill patients-guidelines from the French Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Pharmacologie et Th\u00e9rapeutique-SFPT) and the French Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine (Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise d'Anesth\u00e9sie et R\u00e9animation-SFAR).\n\t\t\t\t\tCrit Care.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t23(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t104."},{"issue":"2","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b23","series-title":"Pharmacotherapy","first-page":"220","article-title":"A guide to therapeutic drug monitoring of \u03b2-lactam antibiotics","volume":"41","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fratoni\n              AJ,\n            \n            \n              Nicolau\n              DP,\n            \n            \n              Kuti\n              JL.\n            \n          \n          A guide to therapeutic drug monitoring of \u03b2-lactam antibiotics.\n\t\t\t\t\tPharmacotherapy.\n\t\t\t\t\t2021;\n\t\t\t\t\t41(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t220\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t233."},{"issue":"6","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b24","series-title":"Intensive Care Med","first-page":"1127","article-title":"Antimicrobial therapeutic drug monitoring in critically ill adult patients: a position paper","volume":"46","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdul-Aziz\n              MH,\n            \n            \n              Alffenaar\n              JC,\n            \n            \n              Bassetti\n              M,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tAntimicrobial therapeutic drug monitoring in critically ill adult patients: a position paper.\n\t\t\t\t\tIntensive Care Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t46(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t1127\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1153."},{"issue":"1","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b25","series-title":"Ann Pharmacother","first-page":"32","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of meropenem in febrile neutropenic patients with bacteremia","volume":"39","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ariano\n              RE,\n            \n            \n              Nyhl\u00e9n\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Donnelly\n              JP,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tPharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of meropenem in febrile neutropenic patients with bacteremia.\n\t\t\t\t\tAnn Pharmacother.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t39(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t32\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t38."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b26","series-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"89","article-title":"Interrelationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in determining dosage regimens for broad-spectrum cephalosporins","volume":"22","year":"1995","unstructured":"Craig\n              WA.\n            \n          \n          Interrelationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in determining dosage regimens for broad-spectrum cephalosporins.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiagn Microbiol Infect Dis.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t22(\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u20132):\n\t\t\t\t\t89\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t96."},{"key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b27","series-title":"Front Pediatr","first-page":"325","article-title":"Key components for antibiotic dose optimization of sepsis in neonates and infants","volume":"6","year":"2018","unstructured":"van Donge\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Bielicki\n              JA,\n            \n            \n              van den Anker\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Pfister\n              M.\n            \n          \n          Key components for antibiotic dose optimization of sepsis in neonates and infants.\n\t\t\t\t\tFront Pediatr.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t6:\n\t\t\t\t\t325."},{"issue":"4","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b28","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"759","article-title":"Continuous and prolonged intravenous \u03b2-lactam dosing: implications for the clinical laboratory","volume":"29","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grupper\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Kuti\n              JL,\n            \n            \n              Nicolau\n              DP.\n            \n          \n          Continuous and prolonged intravenous \u03b2-lactam dosing: implications for the clinical laboratory.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Microbiol Rev.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t29(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t759\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t772."},{"issue":"3","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b29","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"1401","article-title":"Defining clinical exposures of cefepime for gram-negative bloodstream infections that are associated with improved survival","volume":"60","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rhodes\n              NJ,\n            \n            \n              Kuti\n              JL,\n            \n            \n              Nicolau\n              DP,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tDefining clinical exposures of cefepime for gram-negative bloodstream infections that are associated with improved survival.\n\t\t\t\t\tAntimicrob Agents Chemother.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t60(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t1401\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1410."},{"issue":"8","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b30","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"e02571","article-title":"Time above the MIC of piperacillin-tazobactam as a predictor of outcome in Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia","volume":"64","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tannous\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Lipman\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Tonna\n              A,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tTime above the MIC of piperacillin-tazobactam as a predictor of outcome in Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia.\n\t\t\t\t\tAntimicrob Agents Chemother.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t64(\n\t\t\t\t\t8):\n\t\t\t\t\te02571\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t19."},{"issue":"3","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b31","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"1359","article-title":"Clinical pharmacodynamics of antipseudomonal cephalosporins in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"58","year":"2014","unstructured":"MacVane\n              SH,\n            \n            \n              Kuti\n              JL,\n            \n            \n              Nicolau\n              DP.\n            \n          \n          Clinical pharmacodynamics of antipseudomonal cephalosporins in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia.\n\t\t\t\t\tAntimicrob Agents Chemother.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t58(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t1359\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1364."},{"issue":"8","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b32","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1072","article-title":"DALI: defining antibiotic levels in intensive care unit patients: are current \u03b2-lactam antibiotic doses sufficient for critically ill patients?","volume":"58","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roberts\n              JA,\n            \n            \n              Paul\n              SK,\n            \n            \n              Akova\n              M,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tDALI: defining antibiotic levels in intensive care unit patients: are current \u03b2-lactam antibiotic doses sufficient for critically ill patients?Clin Infect Dis.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t58(\n\t\t\t\t\t8):\n\t\t\t\t\t1072\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1083."},{"issue":"4","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b33","series-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents","first-page":"345","article-title":"Evaluation of area under the inhibitory curve (AUIC) and time above the minimum inhibitory concentration (T>MIC) as predictors of outcome for cefepime and ceftazidime in serious bacterial infections","volume":"31","year":"2008","unstructured":"McKinnon\n              PS,\n            \n            \n              Paladino\n              JA,\n            \n            \n              Schentag\n              JJ.\n            \n          \n          Evaluation of area under the inhibitory curve (AUIC) and time above the minimum inhibitory concentration (T>MIC) as predictors of outcome for cefepime and ceftazidime in serious bacterial infections.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Antimicrob Agents.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t31(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t345\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t351."},{"issue":"4","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b34","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","first-page":"900","article-title":"Optimal exposures of ceftazidime predict the probability of microbiological and clinical outcome in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia","volume":"68","year":"2013","unstructured":"Muller\n              AE,\n            \n            \n              Punt\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Mouton\n              JW.\n            \n          \n          Optimal exposures of ceftazidime predict the probability of microbiological and clinical outcome in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Antimicrob Chemother.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t68(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t900\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t906."},{"issue":"2","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b35","series-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"125","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic modeling can help guide targeted antimicrobial therapy for nosocomial gram-negative infections in critically ill patients","volume":"48","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mohr\n              JF,\n            \n            \n              Wanger\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Rex\n              JH.\n            \n          \n          Pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic modeling can help guide targeted antimicrobial therapy for nosocomial gram-negative infections in critically ill patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiagn Microbiol Infect Dis.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t48(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t125\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t130."},{"issue":"5","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b36","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"1725","article-title":"Clinical pharmacodynamics of meropenem in patients with lower respiratory tract infections","volume":"51","year":"2007","unstructured":"Li\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Du\n              X,\n            \n            \n              Kuti\n              JL,\n            \n            \n              Nicolau\n              DP.\n            \n          \n          Clinical pharmacodynamics of meropenem in patients with lower respiratory tract infections.\n\t\t\t\t\tAntimicrob Agents Chemother.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t51(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t1725\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1730."},{"issue":"2","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b37","series-title":"Crit Care Med","first-page":"272","article-title":"\u03b2-lactam therapeutic drug management in the PICU","volume":"46","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cies\n              JJ,\n            \n            \n              Moore\n              WS\n              II,\n            \n            \n              Enache\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Chopra\n              A.\n            \n          \n          \u03b2-lactam therapeutic drug management in the PICU.\n\t\t\t\t\tCrit Care Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t46(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t272\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t279."},{"issue":"4","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b38","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"e02006","article-title":"Cefepime pharmacokinetics in critically ill pediatric patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy","volume":"63","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stitt\n              G,\n            \n            \n              Morris\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Schmees\n              L,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tCefepime pharmacokinetics in critically ill pediatric patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy.\n\t\t\t\t\tAntimicrob Agents Chemother.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t63(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\te02006\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t18."},{"key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b39","series-title":"Scand J Infect Dis Suppl","first-page":"63","article-title":"Killing and regrowth of bacteria in vitro: a review","volume":"74","year":"1990","unstructured":"Craig\n              WA,\n            \n            \n              Ebert\n              SC.\n            \n          \n          Killing and regrowth of bacteria in vitro: a review.\n\t\t\t\t\tScand J Infect Dis Suppl.\n\t\t\t\t\t1990;\n\t\t\t\t\t74:\n\t\t\t\t\t63\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t70."},{"issue":"5","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b40","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"931","article-title":"Killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa during continuous and intermittent infusion of ceftazidime in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model","volume":"38","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mouton\n              JW,\n            \n            \n              den Hollander\n              JG.\n            \n          \n          Killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa during continuous and intermittent infusion of ceftazidime in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model.\n\t\t\t\t\tAntimicrob Agents Chemother.\n\t\t\t\t\t1994;\n\t\t\t\t\t38(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t931\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t936."},{"issue":"9","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b41","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"2053","article-title":"In vitro pharmacodynamics of ceftazidime against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis patients","volume":"41","year":"1997","unstructured":"Manduru\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Mihm\n              LB,\n            \n            \n              White\n              RL,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tIn vitro pharmacodynamics of ceftazidime against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tAntimicrob Agents Chemother.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997;\n\t\t\t\t\t41(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t2053\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2056."},{"issue":"1","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b42","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"10","article-title":"The pharmacodynamics of beta-lactams","volume":"27","year":"1998","unstructured":"Turnidge\n              JD.\n            \n          \n          The pharmacodynamics of beta-lactams.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Infect Dis.\n\t\t\t\t\t1998;\n\t\t\t\t\t27(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t10\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t22."},{"issue":"2","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b43","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","first-page":"227","article-title":"Monte Carlo simulations: maximizing antibiotic pharmacokinetic data to optimize clinical practice for critically ill patients","volume":"66","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roberts\n              JA,\n            \n            \n              Kirkpatrick\n              CM,\n            \n            \n              Lipman\n              J.\n            \n          \n          Monte Carlo simulations: maximizing antibiotic pharmacokinetic data to optimize clinical practice for critically ill patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Antimicrob Chemother.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t66(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t227\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t231."},{"issue":"11","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b44","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","first-page":"982","article-title":"Predicting efficacy of antiinfectives with pharmacodynamics and Monte Carlo simulation","volume":"22","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bradley\n              JS,\n            \n            \n              Dudley\n              MN,\n            \n            \n              Drusano\n              GL.\n            \n          \n          Predicting efficacy of antiinfectives with pharmacodynamics and Monte Carlo simulation.\n\t\t\t\t\tPediatr Infect Dis J.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003;\n\t\t\t\t\t22(\n\t\t\t\t\t11):\n\t\t\t\t\t982\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t992."},{"issue":"11","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b45","series-title":"Clin Ther","first-page":"1820","article-title":"Use of Monte Carlo simulation to assess the pharmacodynamics of beta-lactams against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in children: a report from the OPTAMA program","volume":"27","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ellis\n              JM,\n            \n            \n              Kuti\n              JL,\n            \n            \n              Nicolau\n              DP.\n            \n          \n          Use of Monte Carlo simulation to assess the pharmacodynamics of beta-lactams against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in children: a report from the OPTAMA program.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Ther.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t27(\n\t\t\t\t\t11):\n\t\t\t\t\t1820\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1830."},{"issue":"3","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b46","series-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer","first-page":"379","article-title":"Optimizing bactericidal exposure for beta-lactams using prolonged and continuous infusions in the pediatric population","volume":"53","year":"2009","unstructured":"Courter\n              JD,\n            \n            \n              Kuti\n              JL,\n            \n            \n              Girotto\n              JE,\n            \n            \n              Nicolau\n              DP.\n            \n          \n          Optimizing bactericidal exposure for beta-lactams using prolonged and continuous infusions in the pediatric population.\n\t\t\t\t\tPediatr Blood Cancer.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t53(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t379\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t385."},{"issue":"12","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b47","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"2817","article-title":"Single-dose pharmacokinetics of piperacillin and tazobactam in infants and children","volume":"38","year":"1994","unstructured":"Reed\n              MD,\n            \n            \n              Goldfarb\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Yamashita\n              TS,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tSingle-dose pharmacokinetics of piperacillin and tazobactam in infants and children.\n\t\t\t\t\tAntimicrob Agents Chemother.\n\t\t\t\t\t1994;\n\t\t\t\t\t38(\n\t\t\t\t\t12):\n\t\t\t\t\t2817\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2826."},{"issue":"8","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b48","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"1783","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of intravenously and intramuscularly administered cefepime in infants and children","volume":"41","year":"1997","unstructured":"Reed\n              MD,\n            \n            \n              Yamashita\n              TS,\n            \n            \n              Knupp\n              CK,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tPharmacokinetics of intravenously and intramuscularly administered cefepime in infants and children.\n\t\t\t\t\tAntimicrob Agents Chemother.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997;\n\t\t\t\t\t41(\n\t\t\t\t\t8):\n\t\t\t\t\t1783\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1787."},{"key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b49","article-title":"Merrem IV (meropenem for injection) [package insert]","year":"1996","unstructured":"Merrem IV (meropenem for injection) [package insert].\n\t\t\t\t\tWilmington, DE:\n\t\t\t\t\tAstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP;\n\t\t\t\t\t1996."},{"issue":"11","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b50","series-title":"Am J Dis Child","first-page":"1147","article-title":"Aztreonam therapy for serious gram-negative infections in children","volume":"140","year":"1986","unstructured":"Stutman\n              HR,\n            \n            \n              Chartrand\n              SA,\n            \n            \n              Tolentino\n              T,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tAztreonam therapy for serious gram-negative infections in children.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Dis Child.\n\t\t\t\t\t1986;\n\t\t\t\t\t140(\n\t\t\t\t\t11):\n\t\t\t\t\t1147\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1151."},{"issue":"2","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b51","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","first-page":"168","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of piperacillin\/tazobactam in critically ill young children","volume":"33","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cies\n              JJ,\n            \n            \n              Shankar\n              V,\n            \n            \n              Schlichting\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Kuti\n              JL.\n            \n          \n          Population pharmacokinetics of piperacillin\/tazobactam in critically ill young children.\n\t\t\t\t\tPediatr Infect Dis J.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t33(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t168\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t173."},{"issue":"1","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b52","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"522","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of extended-infusion piperacillin and tazobactam in critically ill children","volume":"60","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nichols\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Chung\n              EK,\n            \n            \n              Knoderer\n              CA,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tPopulation pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of extended-infusion piperacillin and tazobactam in critically ill children.\n\t\t\t\t\tAntimicrob Agents Chemother.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t60(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t522\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t531."},{"issue":"3","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b53","series-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer","first-page":"477","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of the piperacillin component of piperacillin\/tazobactam in pediatric oncology patients with fever and neutropenia","volume":"62","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cies\n              JJ,\n            \n            \n              Jain\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Kuti\n              JL.\n            \n          \n          Population pharmacokinetics of the piperacillin component of piperacillin\/tazobactam in pediatric oncology patients with fever and neutropenia.\n\t\t\t\t\tPediatr Blood Cancer.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t62(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t477\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t482."},{"issue":"9","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b54","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","first-page":"962","article-title":"Optimization of continuous infusion of piperacillin-tazobactam in children with fever and neutropenia","volume":"32","year":"2013","unstructured":"Delvall\u00e9e\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Mazingue\n              F,\n            \n            \n              Abouchahla\n              W,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tOptimization of continuous infusion of piperacillin-tazobactam in children with fever and neutropenia.\n\t\t\t\t\tPediatr Infect Dis J.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t32(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t962\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t964."},{"issue":"6","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b55","series-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer","first-page":"e27654","article-title":"Piper-acillin pharmacokinetics and target attainment in children with cancer and fever: can we optimize our dosing strategy?","volume":"66","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maarbjerg\n              SF,\n            \n            \n              Thorsted\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Kristoffersson\n              A,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tPiper-acillin pharmacokinetics and target attainment in children with cancer and fever: can we optimize our dosing strategy?Pediatr Blood Cancer.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t66(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\te27654."},{"issue":"3","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b56","series-title":"J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"212","article-title":"Extended infusion of piperacillin\/tazobactam in children","volume":"22","year":"2017","unstructured":"Knoderer\n              CA,\n            \n            \n              Karmire\n              LC,\n            \n            \n              Andricopulos\n              KL,\n            \n            \n              Nichols\n              KR.\n            \n          \n          Extended infusion of piperacillin\/tazobactam in children.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Pediatr Pharmacol Ther.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t22(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t212\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t217."},{"issue":"4","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b57","series-title":"Rev Invest Clin","first-page":"283","article-title":"Piperacillin\/tazobactam in continuous infusion versus intermittent infusion in children with febrile neutropenia","volume":"71","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sol\u00f3rzano-Santos\n              F,\n            \n            \n              Quezada-Herrera\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Fuentes-Pacheco\n              Y,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tPiperacillin\/tazobactam in continuous infusion versus intermittent infusion in children with febrile neutropenia.\n\t\t\t\t\tRev Invest Clin.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t71(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t283\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t290."},{"key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b58","article-title":"Pediatric Neonatal and Lexi-Drugs","unstructured":"Nafcillin.\n          \n          Pediatric Neonatal and Lexi-Drugs.\n\t\t\t\t\tRiverwoods, IL:\n\t\t\t\t\tLexicomp, Inc.\n\t\t\t\t\tAccessed May 13, 2021. https:\/\/online.lexi.com."},{"issue":"2","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b59","series-title":"Chemotherapy","first-page":"98","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and cerebrospinal fluid concentration of nafcillin in pediatric patients undergoing cerebrospinal fluid shunt placement","volume":"36","year":"1990","unstructured":"Nahata\n              MC,\n            \n            \n              Fan-Havard\n              P,\n            \n            \n              Kosnik\n              EJ,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tPharmacokinetics and cerebrospinal fluid concentration of nafcillin in pediatric patients undergoing cerebrospinal fluid shunt placement.\n\t\t\t\t\tChemotherapy.\n\t\t\t\t\t1990;\n\t\t\t\t\t36(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t98\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t102."},{"issue":"6","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b60","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"e26","article-title":"2015 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Native Vertebral Osteomyelitis in Adults","volume":"61","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berbari\n              EF,\n            \n            \n              Kanj\n              SS,\n            \n            \n              Kowalski\n              TJ,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\t2015 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Native Vertebral Osteomyelitis in Adults.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Infect Dis.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t61(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\te26\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\te46."},{"issue":"12","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b61","series-title":"Crit Care Med","first-page":"305","article-title":"Evaluation of nafcillin continuous-infusion clearance in pediatric burn patients","volume":"44","year":"2016","unstructured":"Prazak\n              AM,\n            \n            \n              Alexander\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Cochran\n              A.\n            \n          \n          Evaluation of nafcillin continuous-infusion clearance in pediatric burn patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tCrit Care Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t44(\n\t\t\t\t\t12):\n\t\t\t\t\t305."},{"issue":"4","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b62","series-title":"J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"261","article-title":"Clinical outcomes with continuous nafcillin infusions in children","volume":"22","year":"2017","unstructured":"Knoderer\n              CA,\n            \n            \n              Karmire\n              LC,\n            \n            \n              Nichols\n              KR.\n            \n          \n          Clinical outcomes with continuous nafcillin infusions in children.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Pediatr Pharmacol Ther.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t22(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t261\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t265."},{"issue":"4","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b63","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"2150","article-title":"Population pharmaco-kinetic assessment and pharmacodynamic implications of pediatric cefepime dosing for susceptible-dose-dependent organisms","volume":"60","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shoji\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Bradley\n              JS,\n            \n            \n              Reed\n              MD,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tPopulation pharmaco-kinetic assessment and pharmacodynamic implications of pediatric cefepime dosing for susceptible-dose-dependent organisms.\n\t\t\t\t\tAntimicrob Agents Chemother.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t60(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t2150\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2156."},{"key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b64","article-title":"MAXIPIME (cefepime hydrochloride, USP for injection) [package insert]","year":"2012","unstructured":"MAXIPIME (cefepime hydrochloride, USP for injection) [package insert].\n\t\t\t\t\tLake Forest, IL:\n\t\t\t\t\tHospira, Inc;\n\t\t\t\t\t2012."},{"issue":"4","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b65","series-title":"Ann Pharmacother","first-page":"419","article-title":"Implementing extended-infusion cefepime as standard of care in a children's hospital: a prospective descriptive study","volume":"49","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nichols\n              KR,\n            \n            \n              Karmire\n              LC,\n            \n            \n              Cox\n              EG,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tImplementing extended-infusion cefepime as standard of care in a children's hospital: a prospective descriptive study.\n\t\t\t\t\tAnn Pharmacother.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t49(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t419\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t426."},{"issue":"2","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b66","series-title":"J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"187","article-title":"Extended infusion of beta-lactams is associated with improved outcomes in pediatric patients","volume":"26","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zembles\n              TN,\n            \n            \n              Schortemeyer\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Kuhn\n              EM,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tExtended infusion of beta-lactams is associated with improved outcomes in pediatric patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Pediatr Pharmacol Ther.\n\t\t\t\t\t2021;\n\t\t\t\t\t26(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t187\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t193."},{"key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b67","series-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","year":"2021","unstructured":"CLSI.\n          \n          \n            Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing\n          .\n\t\t\t\t\t31st ed.\n\t\t\t\t\tCSLI supplement M100.Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute;\n\t\t\t\t\t2021."},{"issue":"6","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b68","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","first-page":"1648","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of continuous-infusion ceftazidime in febrile neutropenic children undergoing HSCT: implications for target attainment for empirical treatment against Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"74","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cojutti\n              PG,\n            \n            \n              Maximova\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Schillani\n              G,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tPopulation pharmacokinetics of continuous-infusion ceftazidime in febrile neutropenic children undergoing HSCT: implications for target attainment for empirical treatment against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Antimicrob Chemother.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t74(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t1648\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1655."},{"issue":"8652","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b69","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1454","article-title":"Continuous infusion of ceftazidime in cystic fibrosis","volume":"1","year":"1989","unstructured":"David\n              TJ,\n            \n            \n              Devlin\n              J.\n            \n          \n          Continuous infusion of ceftazidime in cystic fibrosis.\n\t\t\t\t\tLancet.\n\t\t\t\t\t1989;\n\t\t\t\t\t1(\n\t\t\t\t\t8652):\n\t\t\t\t\t1454\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1455."},{"issue":"9","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b70","series-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol","first-page":"714","article-title":"Continuous infusion of ceftazidime in the empiric treatment of febrile neutropenic children with cancer","volume":"24","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dalle\n              JH,\n            \n            \n              Gnansounou\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Husson\n              MO,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tContinuous infusion of ceftazidime in the empiric treatment of febrile neutropenic children with cancer.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Pediatr Hematol Oncol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2002;\n\t\t\t\t\t24(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t714\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t716."},{"issue":"12","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b71","series-title":"Eur J Pediatr","first-page":"919","article-title":"Continuous infusion of ceftazidime with a portable pump is as effective as thrice-a-day bolus in cystic fibrosis children","volume":"159","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rappaz\n              I,\n            \n            \n              Decosterd\n              LA,\n            \n            \n              Bille\n              J,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tContinuous infusion of ceftazidime with a portable pump is as effective as thrice-a-day bolus in cystic fibrosis children.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Pediatr.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000;\n\t\t\t\t\t159(\n\t\t\t\t\t12):\n\t\t\t\t\t919\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t925."},{"issue":"5","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b72","series-title":"Infection","first-page":"418","article-title":"Continuous vs thrice-daily ceftazidime for elective intravenous antipseudomonal therapy in cystic fibrosis","volume":"37","year":"2009","unstructured":"Riethmueller\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Junge\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Schroeter\n              TW,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tContinuous vs thrice-daily ceftazidime for elective intravenous antipseudomonal therapy in cystic fibrosis.\n\t\t\t\t\tInfection.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t37(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t418\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t423."},{"issue":"9","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b73","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"3650","article-title":"Continuous versus intermittent infusions of ceftazidime for treating exacerbation of cystic fibrosis","volume":"53","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hubert\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Le Roux\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Lavrut\n              T,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tContinuous versus intermittent infusions of ceftazidime for treating exacerbation of cystic fibrosis.\n\t\t\t\t\tAntimicrob Agents Chemother.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t53(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t3650\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t3656."},{"issue":"8","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b74","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"e00760","article-title":"Reappraisal of the optimal dose of meropenem in critically ill infants and children: a developmental pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis","volume":"64","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang\n              ZM,\n            \n            \n              Chen\n              XY,\n            \n            \n              Bi\n              J,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tReappraisal of the optimal dose of meropenem in critically ill infants and children: a developmental pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tAntimicrob Agents Chemother.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t64(\n\t\t\t\t\t8):\n\t\t\t\t\te00760\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t20."},{"issue":"9","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b75","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"4760","article-title":"Short versus long infusion of meropenem in very-low-birth-weight neonates","volume":"56","year":"2012","unstructured":"Padari\n              H,\n            \n            \n              Metsvaht\n              T,\n            \n            \n              K\u00f5rgvee\n              LT,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tShort versus long infusion of meropenem in very-low-birth-weight neonates.\n\t\t\t\t\tAntimicrob Agents Chemother.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t56(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t4760\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t4764."},{"issue":"4","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b76","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","first-page":"358","article-title":"Conventional versus prolonged infusion of meropenem in neonates with gram-negative late-onset sepsis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"36","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shabaan\n              AE,\n            \n            \n              Nour\n              I,\n            \n            \n              Elsayed Eldegla\n              H,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tConventional versus prolonged infusion of meropenem in neonates with gram-negative late-onset sepsis: a randomized controlled trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tPediatr Infect Dis J.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t36(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t358\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t363."},{"issue":"3","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b77","series-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents","first-page":"292","article-title":"Cerebrospinal pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of efficacy of meropenem in paediatric patients with bacterial meningitis","volume":"54","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ohata\n              Y,\n            \n            \n              Tomita\n              Y,\n            \n            \n              Sunakawa\n              K,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tCerebrospinal pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of efficacy of meropenem in paediatric patients with bacterial meningitis.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Antimicrob Agents.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t54(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t292\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t300."},{"issue":"4","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b78","series-title":"J Pharm Pract","first-page":"430","article-title":"Success with extended-infusion meropenem after recurrence of baclofen pump-related Achromobacter xylosoxidans meningitis in an adolescent","volume":"28","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nichols\n              KR,\n            \n            \n              Knoderer\n              CA,\n            \n            \n              Jackson\n              NG,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tSuccess with extended-infusion meropenem after recurrence of baclofen pump-related Achromobacter xylosoxidans meningitis in an adolescent.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Pharm Pract.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t28(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t430\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t433."},{"issue":"1","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b79","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","first-page":"189","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of meropenem administered as a prolonged infusion in children with cystic fibrosis","volume":"71","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pettit\n              RS,\n            \n            \n              Neu\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Cies\n              JJ,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tPopulation pharmacokinetics of meropenem administered as a prolonged infusion in children with cystic fibrosis.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Antimicrob Chemother.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t71(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t189\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t195."},{"issue":"3","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b80","series-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"294","article-title":"Meropenem time above the MIC exposure is predictive of response in cystic fibrosis children with acute pulmonary exacerbations","volume":"91","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kuti\n              JL,\n            \n            \n              Pettit\n              RS,\n            \n            \n              Neu\n              N,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tMeropenem time above the MIC exposure is predictive of response in cystic fibrosis children with acute pulmonary exacerbations.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiagn Microbiol Infect Dis.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t91(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t294\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t297."},{"issue":"3","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b81","series-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol","first-page":"302","article-title":"Continuous infusion meropenem and ticarcillin-clavulanate in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients","volume":"49","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zobell\n              JT,\n            \n            \n              Ferdinand\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Young\n              DC.\n            \n          \n          Continuous infusion meropenem and ticarcillin-clavulanate in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tPediatr Pulmonol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t49(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t302\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t306."},{"issue":"9","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b82","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"5535","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of continuous-infusion meropenem in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients","volume":"59","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cojutti\n              P,\n            \n            \n              Maximova\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Pea\n              F.\n            \n          \n          Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of continuous-infusion meropenem in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tAntimicrob Agents Chemother.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t59(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t5535\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t5541."},{"issue":"9","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b83","series-title":"J Pharm Sci","first-page":"3099","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of doripenem in pediatric patients and Monte-Carlo pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic simulations for dosing regimen assessment","volume":"108","year":"2019","unstructured":"Matsuo\n              Y,\n            \n            \n              Ishibashi\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Matsumoto\n              S,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tPopulation pharmacokinetics of doripenem in pediatric patients and Monte-Carlo pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic simulations for dosing regimen assessment.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Pharm Sci.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t108(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t3099\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t3105."},{"key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b84","series-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med","first-page":"A5728","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of doripenem in pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"183","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vaccaro\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Cirillo\n              I,\n            \n            \n              Redman\n              R,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tPharmacokinetics of doripenem in pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Respir Crit Care Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t183:\n\t\t\t\t\tA5728."},{"issue":"3","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b85","series-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol","first-page":"E48","article-title":"The use of doripenem in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients in case of meropenem shortages","volume":"49","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zobell\n              JT,\n            \n            \n              Kemper\n              AL,\n            \n            \n              Young\n              DC.\n            \n          \n          The use of doripenem in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients in case of meropenem shortages.\n\t\t\t\t\tPediatr Pulmonol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t49(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\tE48\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\tE51."},{"issue":"1","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b86","series-title":"J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"69","article-title":"Therapeutic drug monitoring of continuous infusion doripenem in a pediatric patient on continuous renal replacement therapy","volume":"22","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cies\n              JJ,\n            \n            \n              Moore\n              WS\n              II,\n            \n            \n              Conley\n              SB,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tTherapeutic drug monitoring of continuous infusion doripenem in a pediatric patient on continuous renal replacement therapy.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Pediatr Pharmacol Ther.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t22(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t69\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t73."},{"issue":"11","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b87","series-title":"Clin Ther","first-page":"1882","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of aztreonam administered by continuous intravenous infusion","volume":"21","year":"1999","unstructured":"Burgess\n              DS,\n            \n            \n              Summers\n              KK,\n            \n            \n              Hardin\n              TC.\n            \n          \n          Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of aztreonam administered by continuous intravenous infusion.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Ther.\n\t\t\t\t\t1999;\n\t\t\t\t\t21(\n\t\t\t\t\t11):\n\t\t\t\t\t1882\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1889."},{"issue":"5","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b88","series-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol","first-page":"511","article-title":"Novel approach to the eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an infant with CF after outpatient treatment failure","volume":"43","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hayes\n              D\n              Jr,\n            \n            \n              Kanga\n              JF,\n            \n            \n              Anstead\n              MI,\n            \n            \n              Kuhn\n              RJ.\n            \n          \n          Novel approach to the eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an infant with CF after outpatient treatment failure.\n\t\t\t\t\tPediatr Pulmonol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t43(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t511\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t513."},{"issue":"6","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b89","series-title":"J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"467","article-title":"Therapeutic drug monitoring of prolonged infusion aztreonam for multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a case report","volume":"22","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cies\n              JJ,\n            \n            \n              LaCoursiere\n              RJ,\n            \n            \n              Moore\n              WS\n              II,\n            \n            \n              Chopra\n              A.\n            \n          \n          Therapeutic drug monitoring of prolonged infusion aztreonam for multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a case report.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Pediatr Pharmacol Ther.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t22(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t467\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t470."},{"issue":"5","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b90","series-title":"Ann Pharmacother","first-page":"929","article-title":"High-dose continuous infusion beta-lactam antibiotics for the treatment of resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in immunocompromised patients","volume":"44","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moriyama\n              B,\n            \n            \n              Henning\n              SA,\n            \n            \n              Childs\n              R,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tHigh-dose continuous infusion beta-lactam antibiotics for the treatment of resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in immunocompromised patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tAnn Pharmacother.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t44(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t929\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t935."},{"issue":"11","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b91","series-title":"P T","first-page":"723","article-title":"Continuous-infusion antipseudomonal beta-lactam therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"36","year":"2011","unstructured":"Prescott\n              WA\n              Jr,\n            \n            \n              Gentile\n              AE,\n            \n            \n              Nagel\n              JL,\n            \n            \n              Pettit\n              RS.\n            \n          \n          Continuous-infusion antipseudomonal beta-lactam therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis.\n\t\t\t\t\tP T.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t36(\n\t\t\t\t\t11):\n\t\t\t\t\t723\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t763."},{"issue":"5","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b92","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"2849","article-title":"How to minimize toxic exposure to pyridine during continuous infusion of ceftazidime in patients with cystic fibrosis?","volume":"58","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bourget\n              P,\n            \n            \n              Amin\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Dupont\n              C,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tHow to minimize toxic exposure to pyridine during continuous infusion of ceftazidime in patients with cystic fibrosis?Antimicrob Agents Chemother.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t58(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t2849\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2855."},{"key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b93","series-title":"Microbiol Insights","first-page":"1","article-title":"Training a drug to do new tricks: insights on stability of meropenem administered as a continuous infusion","volume":"11","year":"2018","unstructured":"Venugopalan\n              V,\n            \n            \n              Manigaba\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Borgert\n              SJ,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tTraining a drug to do new tricks: insights on stability of meropenem administered as a continuous infusion.\n\t\t\t\t\tMicrobiol Insights.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t11:\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t6."},{"issue":"1","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b94","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"49","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mermel\n              LA,\n            \n            \n              Allon\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Bouza\n              E,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tClinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Infect Dis.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t49(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t45."},{"issue":"11","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b95","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"e01260","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics and safety of piperacillin-tazobactam extended infusions in infants and children","volume":"63","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thibault\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Lavigne\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Litalien\n              C,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tPopulation pharmacokinetics and safety of piperacillin-tazobactam extended infusions in infants and children.\n\t\t\t\t\tAntimicrob Agents Chemother.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t63(\n\t\t\t\t\t11):\n\t\t\t\t\te01260\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t10."},{"issue":"3","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b96","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect","first-page":"333","article-title":"Cefepime neurotoxicity: thresholds and risk factors: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"26","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boschung-Pasquier\n              L,\n            \n            \n              Atkinson\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Kastner\n              LK,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tCefepime neurotoxicity: thresholds and risk factors: a retrospective cohort study.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Microbiol Infect.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t26(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t333\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t339."},{"issue":"3","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b97","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","first-page":"718","article-title":"A retrospective study to determine the cefepime-induced neurotoxicity threshold in hospitalized patients","volume":"75","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lau\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Marriott\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Gould\n              M,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tA retrospective study to determine the cefepime-induced neurotoxicity threshold in hospitalized patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Antimicrob Chemother.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t75(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t718\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t725."},{"issue":"5","key":"i2331-348X-27-3-214-b98","series-title":"J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"413","article-title":"Use of simulation strategies to predict subtherapeutic meropenem exposure caused by augmented renal clearance in critically ill pediatric patients with sepsis","volume":"25","year":"2020","unstructured":"Avedissian\n              SN,\n            \n            \n              Skochko\n              SM,\n            \n            \n              Le\n              J,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tUse of simulation strategies to predict subtherapeutic meropenem exposure caused by augmented renal clearance in critically ill pediatric patients with sepsis.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Pediatr Pharmacol Ther.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t25(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t413\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t422."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jppt.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/jppt\/27\/3\/article-p214.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jppt\/article-pdf\/27\/3\/214\/3031389\/i2331-348x-27-3-214.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jppt.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jppt\/27\/3\/article-p214.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jppt.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jppt\/27\/3\/article-p214.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:36:12Z","timestamp":1747355772000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jppt.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/jppt\/27\/3\/article-p214.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5863\/1551-6776-27.3.214","relation":{},"ISSN":["2331-348X","1551-6776"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2331-348X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1551-6776","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}}}