{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T12:24:08Z","timestamp":1764937448363,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"The Pediatric Pharmacy Association","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious condition that occurs in approximately 30% to 50% of pediatric patients that undergo cardiac surgery. Currently used parameters to measure kidney function (serum creatinine and urine output) are often unreliable and delay the prediction of AKI, despite their adoption into clinical guidelines. Emerging evidence suggests that biomarkers such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, cystatin C, interleukin-18, kidney injury molecule 1, and liver-type fatty acid\u2013 binding protein may be useful in the identification and location of pediatric renal injury. Ontogeny-related changes in tubular function and nephrogenesis result in reference values that differ based on age and sex. In addition, changes in endogenous concentrations may result from factors such as cardiopulmonary bypass. The use of urine samples to measure renal biomarkers offers a significant advantage compared with routine blood sampling, especially in the neonatal patient population. Future research is warranted to determine age-dependent changes in AKI biomarkers and the relationship with pharmacokinetic clearance of commonly used medications in the postoperative cardiac patient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5863\/1551-6776-27.6.506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T17:18:44Z","timestamp":1660929524000},"page":"506-516","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Use of Renal Biomarkers in Pediatric Cardiac Patients With Acute Kidney Injury"],"prefix":"10.5863","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Christopher L.","family":"Shaffer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy and Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology Program, Child Health Research Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center\/Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3883","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"i2331-348X-27-6-506-b1","series-title":"Clin Exp Pediatr","first-page":"151","article-title":"Variation in clinical usefulness of biomarkers of acute kidney injury in young children undergoing cardiac surgery","volume":"63","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baek\n              HS,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              Y,\n            \n            \n              Jang\n              HM,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tVariation in clinical usefulness of biomarkers of acute kidney injury in young children undergoing cardiac surgery.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Exp Pediatr.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;63(4):151\u2013156."},{"key":"i2331-348X-27-6-506-b2","series-title":"Ann Thorac Surg","first-page":"1984","article-title":"Acute kidney injury is associated with higher morbidity and resource utilization in pediatric patients undergoing heart 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Sci","first-page":"250","article-title":"Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as an early biomarker for prediction of acute kidney injury after cardio-pulmonary bypass in pediatric cardiac surgery","volume":"8","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fadel\n              FI,\n            \n            \n              Rahman\n              AA,\n            \n            \n              Mohamed\n              MF,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tPlasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as an early biomarker for prediction of acute kidney injury after cardio-pulmonary bypass in pediatric cardiac surgery.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Med Sci.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;8(2):250\u2013255."},{"issue":"5","key":"i2331-348X-27-6-506-b16","series-title":"Pediatr Nephrol","first-page":"843","article-title":"Acute changes in fluid status affect the incidence, associative clinical outcomes, and urine biomarker performance in premature infants with acute kidney injury","volume":"31","year":"2016","unstructured":"Askenazi\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Saeidi\n              B,\n            \n            \n              Koralkar\n              R,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tAcute changes in fluid status affect the incidence, associative clinical outcomes, and urine biomarker performance in premature infants with acute kidney injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tPediatr Nephrol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;31(5):843\u2013851."},{"issue":"4","key":"i2331-348X-27-6-506-b17","series-title":"Pediatr Nephrol","first-page":"677","article-title":"Pediatric reference ranges for acute kidney injury biomarkers","volume":"30","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bennett\n              MR,\n            \n            \n              Nehus\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Haffner\n              C,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tPediatric reference ranges for acute kidney injury 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Nephrol","first-page":"2081","article-title":"Determination of reference values for plasma cystatin C and comparison with creatinine in premature infants","volume":"23","year":"2008","unstructured":"Armangil\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Yurdakok\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Canpolat\n              FE,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tDetermination of reference values for plasma cystatin C and comparison with creatinine in premature infants.\n\t\t\t\t\tPediatr Nephrol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;23(11):2081\u20132083."},{"issue":"3","key":"i2331-348X-27-6-506-b25","series-title":"Pediatr Nephrol","first-page":"449","article-title":"Cystatin C serum levels in healthy children are related to age, gender, and pubertal stage","volume":"34","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ziegelasch\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Vogel\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Muller\n         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Cardiol","first-page":"695","article-title":"Novel urinary biomarkers for acute kidney injury and prediction of clinical outcomes after pediatric cardiac surgery","volume":"41","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yoneyama\n              F,\n            \n            \n              Okamura\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Takigiku\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Yasukouchi\n              .\n            \n          \n          Novel urinary biomarkers for acute kidney injury and prediction of clinical outcomes after pediatric cardiac surgery.\n\t\t\t\t\tPediatr Cardiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;41(4):695\u2013702."},{"issue":"1","key":"i2331-348X-27-6-506-b28","series-title":"J Pediatr","first-page":"120","article-title":"Risk factors for and outcomes of acute kidney injury in neonates undergoing complex cardiac surgery","volume":"162","year":"2013","unstructured":"Morgan\n              CJ,\n            \n            \n              Zappitelli\n 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