{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T06:48:47Z","timestamp":1770792527135,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"The Pediatric Pharmacy Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"\n OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n The purpose of this study was to characterize reported usage, dosage regimens, and monitoring practices of inhaled tobramycin in health systems with neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), pediatric intensive care units (PICUs), and cardiovascular intensive care units (CICUs) from the members of the Pediatric Pharmacy Association (PPA). The primary objective was to identify the number of respondents who use an inhaled tobramycin protocol. The secondary objectives included the main indications, dosage regimens, monitoring parameters used, and administration details for inhaled tobramycin.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS<\/jats:title>\n A cross-sectional questionnaire was distributed to PPA members from March 28\u2013May 22, 2023. Descriptive statistics were employed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n The questionnaire was completed by respondents at 79 institutions; respondents at 61 institutions used inhaled tobramycin in PICUs (n = 45; 73.8%), NICUs (n = 36; 59.0%), and CICUs (n = 14; 23.0%). Most respondents (n = 73; 92.4%) in the 61 institutions that use inhaled tobramycin did not have an established protocol. The most common tobramycin product used was a tobramycin nebulization solution, and the most common indication was ventilator-associated tracheitis. Respondents noted the most common dosage regimen was 40 to 80 mg every 8 to 12 hours or 150 mg every 12 hours, regardless of patient age. Most respondents were unaware of the nebulizer used and the location of the nebulizer within the ventilator circuit. Additionally, the respondents noted that their intensive care units do not routinely check tobramycin serum concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n Most respondents did not have a standardized inhaled tobramycin protocol. There are variations in the dosage regimen, administration, and monitoring practices in critically ill children receiving inhaled tobramycin. Pediatric clinical pharmacists should work with interprofessional teams, including respiratory therapists and providers, to standardize the use of inhaled antibiotics.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5863\/jppt-24-00061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T13:56:51Z","timestamp":1750946211000},"page":"332-339","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inhaled Tobramycin Usage in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients Without Cystic Fibrosis: A Pediatric Pharmacy-Association, Practice-Based Research Network Survey Study"],"prefix":"10.5863","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Peter N.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy (JLM, SBN, PNJ), Clinical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominique L.","family":"Ropp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacy (DR), Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Courtney","family":"Ranallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics (CR, HC), College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hala","family":"Chaaban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics (CR, HC), College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucila","family":"Garcia-Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (LGC), College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Neely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy (JLM, SBN, PNJ), Clinical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamie L.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy (JLM, SBN, PNJ), Clinical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3883","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b01","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"e61","article-title":"Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator associated pneumonia: 2016 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society","volume":"63","author":"Kalil","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kalil A, Metersky M, Klompas M, et al. Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator associated pneumonia: 2016 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(5):e61\u2013e111."},{"issue":"7","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b02","series-title":"Ann Transl Med","first-page":"598","article-title":"Inhaled antibiotics during mechanical ventilation\u2014why it is will work","volume":"9","author":"Desgrouas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Desgrouas M, Ehrmann S. Inhaled antibiotics during mechanical ventilation\u2014why it is will work. Ann Transl Med. 2021;9(7):598."},{"issue":"7","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b03","series-title":"Pharmacother","first-page":"939","article-title":"Elevated serum tobramycin concentrations after treatment with tobramycin inhalation in a preterm infant","volume":"28","author":"Abdulhamid","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abdulhamid I, Wise TL, Andrews S, et al. Elevated serum tobramycin concentrations after treatment with tobramycin inhalation in a preterm infant. Pharmacother. 2008;28(7):939\u2013944."},{"issue":"1","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b04","series-title":"Ther Drug Monit","first-page":"109","article-title":"Interpretation of excessive levels of inhaled tobramycin","volume":"11","author":"Bentur","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bentur Y, Hummel D, Roifman CM, et al. Interpretation of excessive levels of inhaled tobramycin. Ther Drug Monit. 1989;11(1):109\u2013110."},{"issue":"11","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b05","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","first-page":"3163","article-title":"High tobramycin serum concentrations after tobramycin inhalation in a child with renal failure","volume":"69","author":"de Velde","year":"2014","unstructured":"de Velde F, Emonts M, Verbruggen S, et al. High tobramycin serum concentrations after tobramycin inhalation in a child with renal failure. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69(11):3163\u20133164."},{"issue":"5","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b06","series-title":"J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"451","article-title":"Therapeutic drug monitoring of inhaled tobramycin in a post-hematopoietic cell transplant patient with bronchiolitis obliterans and end-stage renal disease","volume":"25","author":"Trone Deni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trone Deni J, Hall EA. Therapeutic drug monitoring of inhaled tobramycin in a post-hematopoietic cell transplant patient with bronchiolitis obliterans and end-stage renal disease. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2020;25(5):451\u2013454."},{"issue":"12","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b07","series-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med","first-page":"e615","article-title":"Detectable concentrations of inhaled tobramycin in critically-ill children without cystic fibrosis: Should routine monitoring be recommended?","volume":"18","author":"Miller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miller JL, Lepa TM, Ranallo C, et al. Detectable concentrations of inhaled tobramycin in critically-ill children without cystic fibrosis: Should routine monitoring be recommended? Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2017;18(12):e615\u2013e620."},{"issue":"2","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b08","series-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol","first-page":"92","article-title":"Tobramycin serum concentrations in tracheostomy-dependent children receiving inhaled tobramycin","volume":"33","author":"Hughes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hughes KM, Cristea AI, Tillman EM. Tobramycin serum concentrations in tracheostomy-dependent children receiving inhaled tobramycin. Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol. 2020;33(2):92\u201395."},{"issue":"1","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b09","series-title":"Respir Care","first-page":"16","article-title":"Assessment of detectable serum tobramycin concentrations in patients receiving inhaled tobramycin for ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"67","author":"Droege","year":"2022","unstructured":"Droege CA, Ernst NE, Foertsch MJ, et al. Assessment of detectable serum tobramycin concentrations in patients receiving inhaled tobramycin for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Respir Care. 2022;67(1):16\u201323."},{"issue":"2","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b10","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","first-page":"450","article-title":"Incidence and associated risk factors for systemic drug levels with inhaled aminoglycoside therapy","volume":"78","author":"Schultheis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schultheis JM, Durham ME, Kram SJ, et al. Incidence and associated risk factors for systemic drug levels with inhaled aminoglycoside therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2023;78(2):450\u2013456."},{"key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b11","series-title":"Ann Pharmcother","article-title":"Detectable concentrations with inhaled tobramycin in critically ill infants and children following implementation of a standardized protocol [published online ahead of print September 28, 2024]","author":"Johnson","unstructured":"Johnson PN, Chang E, Cormack E, et al. Detectable concentrations with inhaled tobramycin in critically ill infants and children following implementation of a standardized protocol [published online ahead of print September 28, 2024]. Ann Pharmcother. 10.1177\/10600280241282433"},{"issue":"1","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b12","series-title":"Chest","first-page":"219","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of aerosolized tobramycin in cystic fibrosis","volume":"122","author":"Geller","year":"2002","unstructured":"Geller DE, Pitlick WH, Nardella PA, et al. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of aerosolized tobramycin in cystic fibrosis. Chest. 2002;122(1):219\u2013226."},{"key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b13","article-title":"TOBI (tobramycin inhalation powder) [package insert]","year":"2018","unstructured":"TOBI (tobramycin inhalation powder) [package insert]. East Hanover, NJ: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; 2018."},{"key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b14","article-title":"Bethkis (tobramycin inhalation solution) [package insert]","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bethkis (tobramycin inhalation solution) [package insert]. Woodstock, IL: Catalent Pharma Solutions LLC; 2012."},{"key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b15","series-title":"Pediatric and Neonatal Dosage Handbook","year":"2024","unstructured":"Takemoto CK, Hodding JH, eds. Pediatric and Neonatal Dosage Handbook. 31st ed. Hudson, OH: Lexicomp, Inc; 2024."},{"issue":"10","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b16","series-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc","first-page":"1640","article-title":"Cystic Fibrosis Foundation pulmonary guideline. pharmacologic approaches to prevention and eradication of initial Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection","volume":"11","author":"Mogayzel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mogayzel PJ Jr, Naureckas ET, Robinson KA, et al. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation pulmonary guideline. pharmacologic approaches to prevention and eradication of initial Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2014;11(10):1640\u20131650."},{"issue":"2","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b17","series-title":"J Pediatr Rehabil Med","first-page":"155","article-title":"Nebulized tobramycin: prevention of pneumonias in patients with severe cerebral palsy","volume":"4","author":"Plioplys","year":"2011","unstructured":"Plioplys AV, Kasnicka I. Nebulized tobramycin: prevention of pneumonias in patients with severe cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Rehabil Med. 2011(2);4:155\u2013158."},{"issue":"1","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b18","series-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol","first-page":"131","article-title":"Inhaled tobramycin in children with acute bacterial rhinopharyngitis","volume":"19","author":"Varricchio","year":"2006","unstructured":"Varricchio A, Tricarico D, De Lucia A, et al. Inhaled tobramycin in children with acute bacterial rhinopharyngitis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2006;19(1):131\u2013140."},{"issue":"4","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b19","series-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol","first-page":"1028","article-title":"Inhaled antibiotics in children with tracheostomy tubes: a descriptive study","volume":"58","author":"Gipsman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gipsman A, Prero M, Toltzis P, Craven D. Inhaled antibiotics in children with tracheostomy tubes: a descriptive study. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2023(4);58:1028\u20131033."},{"issue":"1","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b20","series-title":"Ann Intensive Care","first-page":"78","article-title":"Nebulized antibiotics in mechanically ventilated patients: a challenge for translational research from technology to clinical care","volume":"7","author":"Ehrmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ehrmann S, Chastre J, Diot P, Lu Q. Nebulized antibiotics in mechanically ventilated patients: a challenge for translational research from technology to clinical care. Ann Intensive Care. 2017;7(1):78."},{"key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b21","article-title":"Tobramycin [package insert]","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tobramycin [package insert]. Deerfield, IL: Baxter Healthcare Corporation; 2023."},{"issue":"5","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b01","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"e61","article-title":"Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator associated pneumonia: 2016 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society","volume":"63","author":"Kalil","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kalil A, Metersky M, Klompas M, et al. Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator associated pneumonia: 2016 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(5):e61\u2013e111."},{"issue":"7","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b02","series-title":"Ann Transl Med","first-page":"598","article-title":"Inhaled antibiotics during mechanical ventilation\u2014why it is will work","volume":"9","author":"Desgrouas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Desgrouas M, Ehrmann S. Inhaled antibiotics during mechanical ventilation\u2014why it is will work. Ann Transl Med. 2021;9(7):598."},{"issue":"7","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b03","series-title":"Pharmacother","first-page":"939","article-title":"Elevated serum tobramycin concentrations after treatment with tobramycin inhalation in a preterm infant","volume":"28","author":"Abdulhamid","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abdulhamid I, Wise TL, Andrews S, et al. Elevated serum tobramycin concentrations after treatment with tobramycin inhalation in a preterm infant. Pharmacother. 2008;28(7):939\u2013944."},{"issue":"1","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b04","series-title":"Ther Drug Monit","first-page":"109","article-title":"Interpretation of excessive levels of inhaled tobramycin","volume":"11","author":"Bentur","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bentur Y, Hummel D, Roifman CM, et al. Interpretation of excessive levels of inhaled tobramycin. Ther Drug Monit. 1989;11(1):109\u2013110."},{"issue":"11","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b05","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","first-page":"3163","article-title":"High tobramycin serum concentrations after tobramycin inhalation in a child with renal failure","volume":"69","author":"de Velde","year":"2014","unstructured":"de Velde F, Emonts M, Verbruggen S, et al. High tobramycin serum concentrations after tobramycin inhalation in a child with renal failure. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69(11):3163\u20133164."},{"issue":"5","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b06","series-title":"J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"451","article-title":"Therapeutic drug monitoring of inhaled tobramycin in a post-hematopoietic cell transplant patient with bronchiolitis obliterans and end-stage renal disease","volume":"25","author":"Trone Deni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trone Deni J, Hall EA. Therapeutic drug monitoring of inhaled tobramycin in a post-hematopoietic cell transplant patient with bronchiolitis obliterans and end-stage renal disease. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2020;25(5):451\u2013454."},{"issue":"12","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b07","series-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med","first-page":"e615","article-title":"Detectable concentrations of inhaled tobramycin in critically-ill children without cystic fibrosis: Should routine monitoring be recommended?","volume":"18","author":"Miller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miller JL, Lepa TM, Ranallo C, et al. Detectable concentrations of inhaled tobramycin in critically-ill children without cystic fibrosis: Should routine monitoring be recommended? Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2017;18(12):e615\u2013e620."},{"issue":"2","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b08","series-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol","first-page":"92","article-title":"Tobramycin serum concentrations in tracheostomy-dependent children receiving inhaled tobramycin","volume":"33","author":"Hughes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hughes KM, Cristea AI, Tillman EM. Tobramycin serum concentrations in tracheostomy-dependent children receiving inhaled tobramycin. Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol. 2020;33(2):92\u201395."},{"issue":"1","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b09","series-title":"Respir Care","first-page":"16","article-title":"Assessment of detectable serum tobramycin concentrations in patients receiving inhaled tobramycin for ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"67","author":"Droege","year":"2022","unstructured":"Droege CA, Ernst NE, Foertsch MJ, et al. Assessment of detectable serum tobramycin concentrations in patients receiving inhaled tobramycin for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Respir Care. 2022;67(1):16\u201323."},{"issue":"2","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b10","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","first-page":"450","article-title":"Incidence and associated risk factors for systemic drug levels with inhaled aminoglycoside therapy","volume":"78","author":"Schultheis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schultheis JM, Durham ME, Kram SJ, et al. Incidence and associated risk factors for systemic drug levels with inhaled aminoglycoside therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2023;78(2):450\u2013456."},{"key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b11","series-title":"Ann Pharmcother","article-title":"Detectable concentrations with inhaled tobramycin in critically ill infants and children following implementation of a standardized protocol [published online ahead of print September 28, 2024]","author":"Johnson","unstructured":"Johnson PN, Chang E, Cormack E, et al. Detectable concentrations with inhaled tobramycin in critically ill infants and children following implementation of a standardized protocol [published online ahead of print September 28, 2024]. Ann Pharmcother. 10.1177\/10600280241282433"},{"issue":"1","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b12","series-title":"Chest","first-page":"219","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of aerosolized tobramycin in cystic fibrosis","volume":"122","author":"Geller","year":"2002","unstructured":"Geller DE, Pitlick WH, Nardella PA, et al. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of aerosolized tobramycin in cystic fibrosis. Chest. 2002;122(1):219\u2013226."},{"key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b13","article-title":"TOBI (tobramycin inhalation powder) [package insert]","year":"2018","unstructured":"TOBI (tobramycin inhalation powder) [package insert]. East Hanover, NJ: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; 2018."},{"key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b14","article-title":"Bethkis (tobramycin inhalation solution) [package insert]","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bethkis (tobramycin inhalation solution) [package insert]. Woodstock, IL: Catalent Pharma Solutions LLC; 2012."},{"key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b15","series-title":"Pediatric and Neonatal Dosage Handbook","year":"2024","unstructured":"Takemoto CK, Hodding JH, eds. Pediatric and Neonatal Dosage Handbook. 31st ed. Hudson, OH: Lexicomp, Inc; 2024."},{"issue":"10","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b16","series-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc","first-page":"1640","article-title":"Cystic Fibrosis Foundation pulmonary guideline. pharmacologic approaches to prevention and eradication of initial Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection","volume":"11","author":"Mogayzel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mogayzel PJ Jr, Naureckas ET, Robinson KA, et al. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation pulmonary guideline. pharmacologic approaches to prevention and eradication of initial Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2014;11(10):1640\u20131650."},{"issue":"2","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b17","series-title":"J Pediatr Rehabil Med","first-page":"155","article-title":"Nebulized tobramycin: prevention of pneumonias in patients with severe cerebral palsy","volume":"4","author":"Plioplys","year":"2011","unstructured":"Plioplys AV, Kasnicka I. Nebulized tobramycin: prevention of pneumonias in patients with severe cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Rehabil Med. 2011(2);4:155\u2013158."},{"issue":"1","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b18","series-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol","first-page":"131","article-title":"Inhaled tobramycin in children with acute bacterial rhinopharyngitis","volume":"19","author":"Varricchio","year":"2006","unstructured":"Varricchio A, Tricarico D, De Lucia A, et al. Inhaled tobramycin in children with acute bacterial rhinopharyngitis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2006;19(1):131\u2013140."},{"issue":"4","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b19","series-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol","first-page":"1028","article-title":"Inhaled antibiotics in children with tracheostomy tubes: a descriptive study","volume":"58","author":"Gipsman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gipsman A, Prero M, Toltzis P, Craven D. Inhaled antibiotics in children with tracheostomy tubes: a descriptive study. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2023(4);58:1028\u20131033."},{"issue":"1","key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b20","series-title":"Ann Intensive Care","first-page":"78","article-title":"Nebulized antibiotics in mechanically ventilated patients: a challenge for translational research from technology to clinical care","volume":"7","author":"Ehrmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ehrmann S, Chastre J, Diot P, Lu Q. Nebulized antibiotics in mechanically ventilated patients: a challenge for translational research from technology to clinical care. Ann Intensive Care. 2017;7(1):78."},{"key":"i2331-348X-30-3-332-b21","article-title":"Tobramycin [package insert]","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tobramycin [package insert]. Deerfield, IL: Baxter Healthcare Corporation; 2023."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jppt.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/jppt\/30\/3\/article-p332.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jppt.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jppt\/30\/3\/article-p332.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jppt.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jppt\/30\/3\/article-p332.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:51:34Z","timestamp":1770771094000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jppt.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/jppt\/30\/3\/article-p332.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5863\/jppt-24-00061","relation":{},"ISSN":["2331-348X","1551-6776"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2331-348X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1551-6776","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}}}