{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:53:12Z","timestamp":1775177592261,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"The Pediatric Pharmacy Association","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"abstract":"\n OBJECTIVES<\/jats:title>\n Antibiotics are frequently prescribed for pediatric emergency department (ED) patients having respiratory or genitourinary infections. Professional guidelines and antibiograms exist to help guide appropriate antibiotics for these infections, but it is unknown how well ED providers adhere to these recommendations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS<\/jats:title>\n From January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2022 using a national electronic medical record database, we retrospectively reviewed de-identified pediatric ED patients who were discharged home with an antibiotic. Antibiotics and infections were grouped for analysis, and results were compared yearly.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n We identified 85,026 pediatric ED patients with infectious diseases discharged home with 24,363 antibiotic prescriptions. Over the 6-year study period, penicillin-based antibiotics were prescribed more than macrolides or cephalosporins for respiratory tract infections, rising from 76.5% in 2017 to 81.3% in 2022 (p < 0.001). For genitourinary tract infections, cephalosporins were prescribed more than 5 other types of antibiotics, rising from 62.7% in 2017 to 73.9% in 2022 (p < 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n Over this 6-year period, ED providers in our region were fairly adherent to and improved for guideline recommended respiratory tract infections and antibiogram guided treatment for genitourinary tract infection in pediatric patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5863\/jppt-25-00007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:31:15Z","timestamp":1775176275000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pediatric Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns From Emergency Department Visits"],"prefix":"10.5863","author":[{"given":"Scott","family":"Gutovitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grand Strand Regional Medical Center (SG, SA, JB, SM, LJ, AC, SK), Myrtle Beach, SC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Astrab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grand Strand Regional Medical Center (SG, SA, JB, SM, LJ, AC, SK), Myrtle Beach, SC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Chotiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine (HC), Blacksburg, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Blaskowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grand Strand Regional Medical Center (SG, SA, JB, SM, LJ, AC, SK), Myrtle Beach, SC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Meier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grand Strand Regional Medical Center (SG, SA, JB, SM, LJ, AC, SK), Myrtle Beach, SC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Minton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HCA Healthcare (HM), Brentwood, TN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grand Strand Regional Medical Center (SG, SA, JB, SM, LJ, AC, SK), Myrtle Beach, SC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Chlada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grand Strand Regional Medical Center (SG, SA, JB, SM, LJ, AC, SK), Myrtle Beach, SC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Kleist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grand Strand Regional Medical Center (SG, SA, JB, SM, LJ, AC, SK), Myrtle Beach, SC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3883","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b01","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"e20181056","article-title":"Antibiotic prescribing for children in United States emergency departments: 2009\u20132014","volume":"143","author":"Poole","year":"2019","unstructured":"Poole NM, Shapiro DJ, Fleming-Dutra KE, et al. Antibiotic prescribing for children in United States emergency departments: 2009\u20132014. Pediatrics. 2019;143(2): e20181056."},{"issue":"7","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b02","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","first-page":"681","article-title":"Infectious disease-related emergency department visits among children in the US","volume":"34","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hasegawa K, Tsugawa Y, Cohen A, Camargo CA. Infectious disease-related emergency department visits among children in the US. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015;34(7):681\u2013685."},{"issue":"4","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b03","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"e20170203","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in antibiotic use for viral illness in emergency departments","volume":"140","author":"Goyal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goyal MK, Johnson TJ, Chamberlain JM, et al. Racial and ethnic differences in antibiotic use for viral illness in emergency departments. Pediatrics. 2017;140(4):e20170203."},{"issue":"6","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b04","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"1053","article-title":"Antibiotic prescribing in ambulatory pediatrics in the United States","volume":"128","author":"Hersh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hersh AL, Shapiro DJ, Pavia AT, Shah SS. Antibiotic prescribing in ambulatory pediatrics in the United States. Pediatrics. 2011;128(6):1053\u20131061."},{"issue":"4","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b05","series-title":"Am J Manag Care","first-page":"294","article-title":"Antibiotic prescribing for respiratory infections at retail clinics, physician practices, and emergency departments","volume":"21","author":"Mehrotra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mehrotra A, Gidengil CA, Setodji CM, et al. Antibiotic prescribing for respiratory infections at retail clinics, physician practices, and emergency departments. Am J Manag Care. 2015;21(4):294\u2013302."},{"issue":"3","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b06","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"e964","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of acute otitis media","volume":"131","author":"Lieberthal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lieberthal AS, Carroll AE, Chonmaitree T, et al. The diagnosis and management of acute otitis media. Pediatrics. 2013;131(3):e964\u2013e999."},{"issue":"5","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b07","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"e1474\u20131502","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis","volume":"134","author":"Ralston","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ralston SL, Lieberthal AS, Meissner HC, et al. Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2014;134(5):e1474\u20131502."},{"issue":"6","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b08","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"1146","article-title":"Principles of judicious antibiotic prescribing for upper respiratory tract infections in pediatrics","volume":"132","author":"Hersh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hersh AL, Jackson MA, Hicks LA, et al. Principles of judicious antibiotic prescribing for upper respiratory tract infections in pediatrics. Pediatrics. 2013;132(6):1146\u20131154."},{"issue":"6","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b09","series-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep","first-page":"1","article-title":"Core elements of outpatient antibiotic stewardship","volume":"65","author":"Sanchez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sanchez GV, Fleming-Dutra KE, Roberts RM, Hicks LA. Core elements of outpatient antibiotic stewardship. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2016;65(6):1\u201312."},{"issue":"6","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b10","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","first-page":"487","article-title":"Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of nonspecific upper respiratory tract infections in adults","volume":"134","author":"Snow","year":"2001","unstructured":"Snow V, Mottur-Pilson C, Gonzales R, et al. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of nonspecific upper respiratory tract infections in adults. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134(6):487\u2013489."},{"issue":"1 suppl","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b11","series-title":"Chest","first-page":"1S","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of cough executive summary: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines","volume":"129","author":"Irwin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Irwin RS, Baumann MH, Bolser DC, et al. Diagnosis and management of cough executive summary: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2006;129(1 suppl):1S\u201323S."},{"issue":"1","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b12","series-title":"Ann Emerg Med","first-page":"69","article-title":"A call to action for antimicrobial stewardship in the emergency department: approaches and strategies","volume":"62","author":"May","year":"2013","unstructured":"May L, Cosgrove S, L\u2019Archeveque M, et al. A call to action for antimicrobial stewardship in the emergency department: approaches and strategies. Ann Emerg Med. 2013;62(1):69\u201377.e2."},{"key":"JPPT-25-00007-b13","article-title":"International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems: tenth revision","unstructured":"World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems: tenth revision, 2nd ed. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/42980 (accessed Oct 1, 2025)"},{"issue":"3","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b14","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"595","article-title":"Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months","volume":"128","author":"Roberts","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roberts KB. Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months. Pediatrics. 2011;128(3):595\u2013610."},{"key":"JPPT-25-00007-b15","article-title":"Past South Carolina State Antibiograms","unstructured":"South Carolina Department of Public Health. Past South Carolina State Antibiograms. https:\/\/dph.sc.gov\/professionals\/health-professionals\/health-services-facilities\/infection-control-hida\/antibiogram-0 (accessed Oct 1, 2025)"},{"issue":"1","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b16","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"5040","article-title":"Impact of an antibiotic stewardship program on antibiotic utilization, bacterial susceptibilities, and cost of antibiotics","volume":"13","author":"Aiesh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aiesh BM, Nazzal MA, Abdelhaq AI, et al. Impact of an antibiotic stewardship program on antibiotic utilization, bacterial susceptibilities, and cost of antibiotics. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):5040."},{"issue":"5","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b17","series-title":"JAMA Netw Open","first-page":"e2313011","article-title":"Implementation of an antibiotic stewardship initiative in a large urgent care network","volume":"6","author":"Stenehjem","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stenehjem E, Wallin A, Willis P, et al. Implementation of an antibiotic stewardship initiative in a large urgent care network. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(5):e2313011."},{"issue":"11","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b18","series-title":"Viruses","first-page":"2457","article-title":"The Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on otitis media","volume":"14","author":"Choi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Choi SY, Yon DK, Choi YS, et al. The Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on otitis media. Viruses. 2022;14(11):2457."},{"issue":"2","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b01","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"e20181056","article-title":"Antibiotic prescribing for children in United States emergency departments: 2009\u20132014","volume":"143","author":"Poole","year":"2019","unstructured":"Poole NM, Shapiro DJ, Fleming-Dutra KE, et al. Antibiotic prescribing for children in United States emergency departments: 2009\u20132014. Pediatrics. 2019;143(2): e20181056."},{"issue":"7","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b02","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","first-page":"681","article-title":"Infectious disease-related emergency department visits among children in the US","volume":"34","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hasegawa K, Tsugawa Y, Cohen A, Camargo CA. Infectious disease-related emergency department visits among children in the US. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015;34(7):681\u2013685."},{"issue":"4","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b03","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"e20170203","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in antibiotic use for viral illness in emergency departments","volume":"140","author":"Goyal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goyal MK, Johnson TJ, Chamberlain JM, et al. Racial and ethnic differences in antibiotic use for viral illness in emergency departments. Pediatrics. 2017;140(4):e20170203."},{"issue":"6","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b04","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"1053","article-title":"Antibiotic prescribing in ambulatory pediatrics in the United States","volume":"128","author":"Hersh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hersh AL, Shapiro DJ, Pavia AT, Shah SS. Antibiotic prescribing in ambulatory pediatrics in the United States. Pediatrics. 2011;128(6):1053\u20131061."},{"issue":"4","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b05","series-title":"Am J Manag Care","first-page":"294","article-title":"Antibiotic prescribing for respiratory infections at retail clinics, physician practices, and emergency departments","volume":"21","author":"Mehrotra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mehrotra A, Gidengil CA, Setodji CM, et al. Antibiotic prescribing for respiratory infections at retail clinics, physician practices, and emergency departments. Am J Manag Care. 2015;21(4):294\u2013302."},{"issue":"3","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b06","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"e964","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of acute otitis media","volume":"131","author":"Lieberthal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lieberthal AS, Carroll AE, Chonmaitree T, et al. The diagnosis and management of acute otitis media. Pediatrics. 2013;131(3):e964\u2013e999."},{"issue":"5","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b07","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"e1474\u20131502","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis","volume":"134","author":"Ralston","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ralston SL, Lieberthal AS, Meissner HC, et al. Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2014;134(5):e1474\u20131502."},{"issue":"6","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b08","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"1146","article-title":"Principles of judicious antibiotic prescribing for upper respiratory tract infections in pediatrics","volume":"132","author":"Hersh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hersh AL, Jackson MA, Hicks LA, et al. Principles of judicious antibiotic prescribing for upper respiratory tract infections in pediatrics. Pediatrics. 2013;132(6):1146\u20131154."},{"issue":"6","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b09","series-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep","first-page":"1","article-title":"Core elements of outpatient antibiotic stewardship","volume":"65","author":"Sanchez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sanchez GV, Fleming-Dutra KE, Roberts RM, Hicks LA. Core elements of outpatient antibiotic stewardship. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2016;65(6):1\u201312."},{"issue":"6","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b10","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","first-page":"487","article-title":"Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of nonspecific upper respiratory tract infections in adults","volume":"134","author":"Snow","year":"2001","unstructured":"Snow V, Mottur-Pilson C, Gonzales R, et al. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of nonspecific upper respiratory tract infections in adults. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134(6):487\u2013489."},{"issue":"1 suppl","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b11","series-title":"Chest","first-page":"1S","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of cough executive summary: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines","volume":"129","author":"Irwin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Irwin RS, Baumann MH, Bolser DC, et al. Diagnosis and management of cough executive summary: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2006;129(1 suppl):1S\u201323S."},{"issue":"1","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b12","series-title":"Ann Emerg Med","first-page":"69","article-title":"A call to action for antimicrobial stewardship in the emergency department: approaches and strategies","volume":"62","author":"May","year":"2013","unstructured":"May L, Cosgrove S, L\u2019Archeveque M, et al. A call to action for antimicrobial stewardship in the emergency department: approaches and strategies. Ann Emerg Med. 2013;62(1):69\u201377.e2."},{"key":"JPPT-25-00007-b13","article-title":"International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems: tenth revision","unstructured":"World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems: tenth revision, 2nd ed. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/42980 (accessed Oct 1, 2025)"},{"issue":"3","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b14","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"595","article-title":"Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months","volume":"128","author":"Roberts","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roberts KB. Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months. Pediatrics. 2011;128(3):595\u2013610."},{"key":"JPPT-25-00007-b15","article-title":"Past South Carolina State Antibiograms","unstructured":"South Carolina Department of Public Health. Past South Carolina State Antibiograms. https:\/\/dph.sc.gov\/professionals\/health-professionals\/health-services-facilities\/infection-control-hida\/antibiogram-0 (accessed Oct 1, 2025)"},{"issue":"1","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b16","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"5040","article-title":"Impact of an antibiotic stewardship program on antibiotic utilization, bacterial susceptibilities, and cost of antibiotics","volume":"13","author":"Aiesh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aiesh BM, Nazzal MA, Abdelhaq AI, et al. Impact of an antibiotic stewardship program on antibiotic utilization, bacterial susceptibilities, and cost of antibiotics. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):5040."},{"issue":"5","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b17","series-title":"JAMA Netw Open","first-page":"e2313011","article-title":"Implementation of an antibiotic stewardship initiative in a large urgent care network","volume":"6","author":"Stenehjem","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stenehjem E, Wallin A, Willis P, et al. Implementation of an antibiotic stewardship initiative in a large urgent care network. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(5):e2313011."},{"issue":"11","key":"JPPT-25-00007-b18","series-title":"Viruses","first-page":"2457","article-title":"The Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on otitis media","volume":"14","author":"Choi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Choi SY, Yon DK, Choi YS, et al. The Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on otitis media. Viruses. 2022;14(11):2457."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jppt.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/jppt\/aop\/article-10.5863-JPPT-25-00007\/article-10.5863-JPPT-25-00007.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jppt.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jppt\/aop\/article-10.5863-JPPT-25-00007\/article-10.5863-JPPT-25-00007.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jppt.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jppt\/aop\/article-10.5863-JPPT-25-00007\/article-10.5863-JPPT-25-00007.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:31:15Z","timestamp":1775176275000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jppt.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/jppt\/aop\/article-10.5863-JPPT-25-00007\/article-10.5863-JPPT-25-00007.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"references-count":36,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5863\/jppt-25-00007","relation":{},"ISSN":["2331-348X","1551-6776"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2331-348X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1551-6776","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]}}}