{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T12:34:23Z","timestamp":1786365263412,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"The Pediatric Pharmacy Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Clinicians are often faced with the dilemma of having to decide if a drug is safe for a mother to take while she is breastfeeding her infant. This is particularly difficult with a relatively new drug because information on breastmilk excretion or use during lactation is rarely available. This article reviews the measures used to assess the safety of drugs during breastfeeding and provides some practical guidance on their use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5863\/jppt-26-00104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T10:14:23Z","timestamp":1771928063000},"page":"577-581","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessing the Safety of Medications During Lactation"],"prefix":"10.5863","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Philip O.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3883","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"JPPT-26-00104-b01","series-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet","first-page":"151","article-title":"Prediction of drug distribution into human milk from physicochemical characteristics","volume":"18","author":"Atkinson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Atkinson H, Begg E. Prediction of drug distribution into human milk from physicochemical characteristics. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1990;18(2):151\u2013167."},{"issue":"1","key":"JPPT-26-00104-b02","series-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"42","article-title":"Modeling drug passage into human milk","volume":"100","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Anderson P, Sauberan J. Modeling drug passage into human milk. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2016;100(1):42\u201352."},{"issue":"6","key":"JPPT-26-00104-b03","series-title":"SAR QSAR Environ Res","first-page":"457","article-title":"Comparison of statistical methods for predicting penetration capacity of drugs into human breast milk using physicochemical, pharmacokinetic and chromatographic descriptors","volume":"31","author":"Wanat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wanat K, Khakimov B, Brzezi\u0144ska E. Comparison of statistical methods for predicting penetration capacity of drugs into human breast milk using physicochemical, pharmacokinetic and chromatographic descriptors. SAR QSAR Environ Res. 2020;31(6):457\u2013475."},{"issue":"7","key":"JPPT-26-00104-b04","series-title":"Mol Pharm","first-page":"2506","article-title":"Developing an in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) model to predict human milk-to-plasma drug concentration ratios","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang H, Xue I, Gu Q, et al. Developing an in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) model to predict human milk-to-plasma drug concentration ratios. Mol Pharm. 2022;19(7):2506\u20132517."},{"issue":"3","key":"JPPT-26-00104-b05","series-title":"J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn","first-page":"25","article-title":"Machine learning approaches for assessing medication transfer to human breast milk","volume":"52","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao Z, Zou P, Fang Y, et al. Machine learning approaches for assessing medication transfer to human breast milk. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn. 2025;52(3):25."},{"issue":"2","key":"JPPT-26-00104-b07","series-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol","first-page":"99","article-title":"A novel index for expressing exposure to the infant to drugs in breast milk","volume":"38","author":"Ito","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ito S, Koren G. A novel index for expressing exposure to the infant to drugs in breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1994;38(2):99\u2013102."},{"issue":"18","key":"JPPT-26-00104-b06","series-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol","first-page":"4311","article-title":"Infant drug exposure via breast milk","volume":"88","author":"Verstegen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Verstegen R, Anderson P, Ito S. Infant drug exposure via breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022;88(18):4311\u20134327."},{"issue":"3","key":"JPPT-26-00104-b08","series-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)","first-page":"236","article-title":"A review of adverse reactions in infants from medications in breastmilk","volume":"55","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Anderson P, Manoguerra A, Vald\u00e9s V. A review of adverse reactions in infants from medications in breastmilk. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2016;55(3):236\u2013244."},{"issue":"12","key":"JPPT-26-00104-b09","series-title":"Pharmaceuticals","first-page":"1654","article-title":"Drug safety during breastfeeding: a comparative analysis of FDA Adverse Event Reports and LactMed\u00ae","volume":"17","author":"Tezel Yal\u00e7\u0131n","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tezel Yal\u00e7\u0131n H, Yal\u00e7\u0131n N, Ceulemans M, Allegaert K. Drug safety during breastfeeding: a comparative analysis of FDA Adverse Event Reports and LactMed\u00ae. Pharmaceuticals. 2024;17(12):1654."},{"issue":"11","key":"JPPT-26-00104-b10","series-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol","first-page":"1361","article-title":"Drug-induced adverse reactions via breastfeeding: a descriptive study in the French Pharmacovigilance Database","volume":"70","author":"Soussan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Soussan C, Gouraud A, Portolan G, et al. Drug-induced adverse reactions via breastfeeding: a descriptive study in the French Pharmacovigilance Database. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;70(11):1361\u20131366."},{"issue":"4","key":"JPPT-26-00104-b11","series-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol","first-page":"e70116","article-title":"Using relative infant dose to assess drug exposure in breastfed infants","volume":"137","author":"Spigset","year":"2025","unstructured":"Spigset O. Using relative infant dose to assess drug exposure in breastfed infants. 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Subcutaneous semaglutide during breastfeeding: Infant safety regarding drug transfer into human milk. Nutrients 2024;16(17):2886."},{"issue":"4","key":"JPPT-26-00104-b15","series-title":"AAPS J","first-page":"70","article-title":"Incorporating breastfeeding-related variability with physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling to predict infant exposure to maternal medication through breast milk: a workflow applied to lamotrigine","volume":"23","author":"Yeung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yeung C, Ito S, Autmizguine J, Edginton A. Incorporating breastfeeding-related variability with physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling to predict infant exposure to maternal medication through breast milk: a workflow applied to lamotrigine. AAPS J. 2021;23(4):70."},{"key":"JPPT-26-00104-b16","series-title":"Breastfeed Med","first-page":"591","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies during breastfeeding","volume":"16","author":"Anderson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anderson PO. 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