{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:08:37Z","timestamp":1785424117695,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Centre for Evaluation in Education and Science (CEON\/CEES)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/BY\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Biochemistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: To assess current laboratory practices in chronic kidney disease (CKD) diagnostics in Serbia and identify areas requiring harmonisation in line with national and international guidelines. Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey was conducted between June and August 2025, with support from the Serbian Society of Medical Biochemists, which distributed invitations to its members working in medical laboratories across Serbia. Eighty-three laboratories participated (response rate 84.7%), representing primary, secondary, tertiary, and private healthcare sectors. Data were analysed descriptively. Results: All laboratories measured serum creatinine, but other essential components of CKD diagnostics were not consistently implemented. Creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated in 63.9% of laboratories, and only 34.9% reported eGFR automatically with every creatinine result. Albuminuria testing was available in 55.4% of laboratories; quantitative albumin measurement was performed in 31.3%, and albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) was reported in 7.2%. Serum cystatin C was available in 7.2% of laboratories. Fewer than half (43.4%) implemented both eGFR reporting and albuminuria testing. Practices differed in analytical methods, reference intervals, urine sample types, and reporting models. Integration of eGFR and ACR was most frequent in private laboratories and least frequent at the primary healthcare level. Conclusion: CKD laboratory diagnostics in Serbia remain largely creatinine-based, with limited integration of albuminuria assessment and automatic eGFR reporting. Broader implementation of ACR and improved reporting standardisation are needed to support earlier detection and risk stratification of CKD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5937\/jomb0-65067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T08:27:41Z","timestamp":1774600061000},"page":"1276-1285","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Laboratory diagnostics of chronic kidney disease in Serbia: Current practice and priorities for harmonisation"],"prefix":"10.5937","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Vera","family":"Luki\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Railway Healthcare Institute, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Belgrade"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Du\u0161ica","family":"Mrdakovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qsmb048","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neda","family":"Milinkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthcare Centre Vo\u017edovac, Laboratory Department, Belgrade"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3964","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jager KJ, Kovesdy C, Langham R, Rosenberg M, Vivekanand J, Zoccali C. A single number for advocacy and communication-worldwide more than 850 million individuals have kidney diseases. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2019; 34: 1803-05. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2019.07.012;","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz174"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francis A, Harhay MN, Ong ACM, Alrukhaimi M, Bello AK, Cortes-Sandoval A, et al. Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20: 473-85. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41581-024-00820-6;","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-024-00820-6"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levin A, Tonelli M, Bonventre J, Coresh J, Donner JA, Fogo AB, et al. Global kidney health 2017 and beyond: a roadmap for closing gaps in care, research, and policy. Lancet 2017; 390: 1888-917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30788-2;","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30788-2"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"International Society of Nephrology. ISN Global Kidney Health Atlas Map. Brussels: ISN; 2025. Available from: https:\/\/gkha.theisn.org [Accessed 19 Dec 2025];"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabarkapa V, Ilin\u010di\u0107 B, \u0110eri\u0107 M, Radosavki\u0107 I, Sipovac M, Sudji J, et al. Screening for Chronic Kidney Disease in Adult Males in Vojvodina: A Cross-sectional Study. J Med Biochem 2017; 36: 153-62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jomb-2017-0006;","DOI":"10.1515\/jomb-2017-0006"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laganovi\u0107 M, Naumovi\u0107 R, Nikolova M, Petrov P Radi\u0107 J, Miti\u0107 I, et al. Chronic kidney disease in Balkan countries - a call for optimal multidisciplinary management. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2025; 22: 140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph22020140;","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22020140"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miti\u0107 I, Laganovi\u0107 M, Marinova I, Gancheva N, Naki\u0107 V, Melentijevi\u0107 D, et al. Chronic kidney disease in Balkan countries - a call to action for timely diagnosis and monitoring. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12: 2162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12092162;","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12092162"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl 2024; 105(4 Suppl): S117-314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.018;"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Ministarstvo zdravlja Republike Srbije. Republi\u010dka stru\u010dna komisija za izradu i implementaciju vodi\u010da dobre klini\u010dke prakse. 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A national survey of laboratories across Pakistan. eJIFCC 2025; 36: 143-53;"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radi\u0161i\u0107 Biljak V, Ra\u0161i\u0107 S, Simi\u0107 D, Vrkic N, Topic E, Kusec R, et al. How well do Croatian laboratories adhere to national recommendations for laboratory diagnostics of chronic kidney disease (CKD)? Clin Chem Lab Med 2020; 58: 202-12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/cclm-2019-0486;","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2019-0486"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coresh J, Astor BC, Greene T, Eknoyan G, Levey AS, Okpechi IG, et al. Action plan for determining and monitoring the prevalence of chronic kidney disease. 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