{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T23:03:19Z","timestamp":1792623799769,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishing","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"DOI":"10.59556\/japi.72.0704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T05:28:17Z","timestamp":1750656497000},"page":"92-97","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Stable Angina Pectoris: A Review of Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Its Management"],"prefix":"10.59556","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Anurag","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tushor","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paramartha","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinesh","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Mujtaba Hussain","family":"Naqvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajan","family":"Mittal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2914","reference":[{"issue":"(9):","key":"key20250623052810_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807\u2013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2014.04.015","article-title":"The epidemic of the 20(th) century: coronary heart disease.","volume":"127","author":"Dalen","year":"2014;","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"key20250623052810_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56\u2013","DOI":"10.1177\/096777209500300112","article-title":"William Heberden, Edward Jenner, John Hunter and angina pectoris.","volume":"3","author":"Hart","year":"1995;","journal-title":"J Med Biogr"},{"key":"key20250623052810_B3","first-page":"469\u2013","article-title":"API expert consensus document on management of ischemic heart disease.","volume":"54:","author":"Association of Physicians of India.","year":"2006;","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"key20250623052810_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307\u2013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aogh.2016.04.002","article-title":"Trends in coronary heart disease epidemiology in India.","volume":"82","author":"Gupta","year":"2016;","journal-title":"Ann Glob Health"},{"issue":"(9498):","key":"key20250623052810_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744\u2013","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67343-6","article-title":"Responding to the threat of chronic diseases in India.","volume":"366","author":"Srinath Reddy","year":"2005;","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"(10):","key":"key20250623052810_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261\u2013","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487314540386","article-title":"Socioeconomic factors and use of secondary preventive therapies for cardiovascular diseases in South Asia: the PURE study.","volume":"22","author":"Gupta","year":"2015;","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"(11):","key":"key20250623052810_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334\u2013","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2007.131193","article-title":"Perspectives on the management of coronary artery disease in India.","volume":"93","author":"Karthikeyan","year":"2007;","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"key20250623052810_B8","unstructured":"Management standards for stable coronary artery disease in India - PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jan 4]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5198886\/"},{"issue":"(5):","key":"key20250623052810_B9","first-page":"852\u2013","article-title":"Management of acute coronary syndromes in developing countries: acute coronary events-a multinational survey of current management strategies.","volume":"162","author":"ACCESS Investigators.","year":"2011;","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"key20250623052810_B10","first-page":"1.","volume-title":"Harrison\u2019s principles of internal medicine.","author":"Jameson","year":"2018.","edition":"20th ed."},{"issue":"(22):","key":"key20250623052810_B11","first-page":"e368\u2013","article-title":"2021 AHA\/ACC\/ASE\/CHEST\/SAEM\/SCCT\/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines.","volume":"144","author":"Gulati","year":"2021;","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"(9641)","key":"key20250623052810_B12","article-title":"Heart rate as a prognostic risk factor in patients with coronary artery disease and left-ventricular systolic dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): a subgroup analysis of a randomised controlled trial.","volume":"372","author":"Fox","year":"2008;","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"key20250623052810_B13","article-title":"Glycated hemoglobin and long-term prognosis in patients with suspected stable angina pectoris without diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study.","volume":"240","author":"Rebnord","year":"2015;","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"(16):","key":"key20250623052810_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641\u2013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.07.973","article-title":"Prognostic value of fractional flow reserve: linking physiologic severity to clinical outcomes.","volume":"64","author":"Johnson","year":"2014;","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"key20250623052810_B15","first-page":"189\u2013","article-title":"Silent myocardial ischemia: Current perspectives and future directions.","volume":"12","author":"Ahmed","year":"2007;","journal-title":"Exp Clin Cardiol"},{"issue":"(9985):","key":"key20250623052810_B16","first-page":"2383\u2013","article-title":"CT coronary angiography in patients with suspected angina due to coronary heart disease (SCOT-HEART): an open-label, parallel-group, multicentre trial.","volume":"385","year":"2015;","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"(10):","key":"key20250623052810_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326\u2013","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01643.x","article-title":"The impact of diabetes or elevated fasting blood glucose on cardiovascular prognosis in patients with stable angina pectoris.","volume":"22","author":"Held","year":"2005;","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"key20250623052810_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2489-4","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the association between second-hand smoke exposure and ischaemic heart diseases, COPD and stroke.","volume":"15","author":"Fischer","year":"2015;","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"key20250623052810_B19","first-page":"70\u2013","article-title":"Smokeless tobacco use and its implications in WHO South East Asia Region.","volume":"50","author":"Dobe","year":"2006;","journal-title":"Indian J Public Health"},{"issue":"(23):","key":"key20250623052810_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705\u2013","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.103234","article-title":"Relationship between healthy diet and risk of cardiovascular disease among patients on drug therapies for secondary prevention: a prospective cohort study of 31 546 high-risk individuals from 40 countries.","volume":"126","author":"Dehghan","year":"2012;","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"(5):","key":"key20250623052810_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879\u2013","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181c3aa7e","article-title":"Sedentary behaviors increase risk of cardiovascular disease mortality in men.","volume":"42","author":"Warren","year":"2010;","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"(5):","key":"key20250623052810_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539\u2013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.046","article-title":"Cardiometabolic-based chronic disease, addressing knowledge and clinical practice gaps: JACC state-of-the-art review.","volume":"75","author":"Mechanick","year":"2020;","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"key20250623052810_B23","first-page":"461\u2013","article-title":"Benefits & risks of statin therapy for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in Asian Indians - a population with the highest risk of premature coronary artery disease & diabetes.","volume":"138","author":"Enas","year":"2013;","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"(9493):","key":"key20250623052810_B24","first-page":"1267\u2013","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins.","volume":"366","author":"Baigent","year":"2005;","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"(5):","key":"key20250623052810_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923\u2013","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32832aa6b5","article-title":"When should antihypertensive drug treatment be initiated and to what levels should systolic blood pressure be lowered? A critical reappraisal.","volume":"27","author":"Zanchetti","year":"2009;","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"(9131):","key":"key20250623052810_B26","first-page":"837\u2013","article-title":"Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group.","volume":"352","year":"1998;","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"(9994):","key":"key20250623052810_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691\u2013","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61283-1","article-title":"Pharmacological and emerging therapies in the treatment of chronic angina.","volume":"386","author":"Husted","year":"2015;","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"(25):","key":"key20250623052810_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3097\u2013","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3182776f83","article-title":"2012 ACCF\/AHA\/ACP\/AATS\/PCNA\/SCAI\/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation\/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons.","volume":"126","author":"Fihn","year":"2012;","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"(19):","key":"key20250623052810_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749\u2013","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000095","article-title":"2014 ACC\/AHA\/AATS\/PCNA\/SCAI\/STS Focused Update of the Guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons.","volume":"130","author":"Fihn","year":"2014;","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"key20250623052810_B30","first-page":"67\u2013","article-title":"New generations of dihydropyridines for treatment of hypertension.","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2017;","journal-title":"J Geriatr Cardiol"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"key20250623052810_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77\u2013","DOI":"10.3329\/akmmcj.v10i1.43666","article-title":"What is new in new generation calcium channel blocker.","volume":"10","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2019;","journal-title":"Anwer Khan Mod Med Coll J"},{"issue":"(Suppl A):","key":"key20250623052810_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A71\u2013","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/18.suppl_A.71","article-title":"Pharmacological differences between calcium antagonists.","volume":"18","author":"Opie","year":"1997;","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"(6):","key":"key20250623052810_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11060943","article-title":"Calcium channels in the heart: disease states and drugs.","volume":"11","author":"Shah","year":"2022;","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"(10):","key":"key20250623052810_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050\u2013","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028019843644","article-title":"Nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers for the treatment of proteinuria: a review of the literature.","volume":"53","author":"Steuber","year":"2019;","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"issue":"(6):","key":"key20250623052810_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691\u2013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2013.11.001","article-title":"The fourth-generation calcium channel blocker: cilnidipine.","volume":"65","author":"Chandra","year":"2013;","journal-title":"Indian Heart J"},{"issue":"(7):","key":"key20250623052810_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651\u2013","DOI":"10.2217\/cer-2017-0063","article-title":"Comparison of amlodipine versus other calcium channel blockers on blood pressure variability in hypertensive patients in China: a retrospective propensity score-matched analysis.","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2018;","journal-title":"J Comp Eff Res"},{"issue":"(11):","key":"key20250623052810_B37","first-page":"e19822.","article-title":"Efficacy of cilnidipine (L\/N-type calcium channel blocker) in treatment of hypertension: a meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized controlled trials.","volume":"13","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2021;","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"key20250623052810_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241\u2013","DOI":"10.1080\/10641960902822492","article-title":"Cilnidipine inhibits the sympathetic nerve activity and improves baroreflex sensitivity in patients with hypertension.","volume":"31","author":"Kishi","year":"2009;","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hypertens"},{"key":"key20250623052810_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6868143.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6868143","article-title":"A retrospective, observational, EMR-based real-world evidence study to assess the incidence of pedal edema in essential hypertensive patients on amlodipine or cilnidipine.","volume":"2022:","author":"Dalal","year":"2022;","journal-title":"Int J Hypertens"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"key20250623052810_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465\u2013","DOI":"10.1007\/s40119-021-00224-8","article-title":"Effectiveness and effect on renal parameters of amlodipine vs. other dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers in patients with essential hypertension: retrospective observational study based on real-world evidence from electronic medical records.","volume":"10","author":"Jadhav","year":"2021;","journal-title":"Cardiol Ther"},{"issue":"(12)","key":"key20250623052810_B41","article-title":"Ivabradine in stable coronary artery disease without clinical heart failure.","volume":"371","author":"Fox","year":"2014;","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"key20250623052810_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520\u2013","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-199704000-00014","article-title":"Felodipine and amlodipine in stable angina pectoris: results of a randomized double-blind crossover trial.","volume":"29","author":"Koenig","year":"1997;","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"issue":"(6):","key":"key20250623052810_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360\u2013","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2000.tb11923.x","article-title":"Bisoprolol alone and in combination with amlodipine or nifedipine in the treatment of chronic stable angina.","volume":"54","author":"Ferguson","year":"2000;","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"issue":"(5):","key":"key20250623052810_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629\u2013","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007726722284","article-title":"Effects of amlodipine and isosorbide dinitrate on exercise-induced and ambulatory ischemia in patients with chronic stable angina pectoris.","volume":"11","author":"Steffensen","year":"1997;","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther"},{"issue":"(5-6):","key":"key20250623052810_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371\u2013","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2710.1997.tb00020.x","article-title":"Effect of metoprolol and amlodipine on myocardial total ischaemic burden in patients with stable angina pectoris.","volume":"22","author":"Klein","year":"1997;","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"key20250623052810_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393\u2013","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200767030-00005","article-title":"Antianginal efficacy and safety of ivabradine compared with amlodipine in patients with stable effort angina pectoris: a 3-month randomised, double-blind, multicentre, noninferiority trial.","volume":"67","author":"Ruzyllo","year":"2007;","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"key20250623052810_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274\u2013","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(02)03154-5","article-title":"Comparison of effects of nisoldipine-extended release and amlodipine in patients with systemic hypertension and chronic stable angina pectoris.","volume":"91","author":"Pepine","year":"2003;","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"key20250623052810_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101\u2013","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5273(92)90137-R","article-title":"Amlodipine in patients with stable angina pectoris treated with nitrates and beta-blockers. The influence on exercise tolerance, systolic and diastolic functions of the left ventricle.","volume":"37","author":"Meluz\u00edn","year":"1992;","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"key20250623052810_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309\u2013","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.3.309","article-title":"Effects of ranolazine with atenolol, amlodipine, or diltiazem on exercise tolerance and angina frequency in patients with severe chronic angina: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"291","author":"Chaitman","year":"2004;","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"(Suppl 1):","key":"key20250623052810_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53\u2013","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-199117001-00017","article-title":"An 8-week double-blind study of amlodipine and diltiazem in patients with stable exertional angina pectoris.","volume":"17","author":"Bernink","year":"1991;","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"key20250623052810_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239\u2013","DOI":"10.2143\/AC.60.3.2004999","article-title":"Effect of amlodipine and lacidipine on left ventricular diastolic and long axis functions in arterial hypertension and stable angina pectoris.","volume":"60","author":"Zaliunas","year":"2005;","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol"},{"issue":"(9 Suppl 3):","key":"key20250623052810_B52","first-page":"III12\u2013","article-title":"Patient compliance and therapeutic coverage: amlodipine versus nifedipine SR in the treatment of hypertension and angina: interim results. Steering Committee and Cardiologists and General Practitioners involved in the Belgium Multicentre Study on Patient Compliance.","volume":"17","author":"Detry","year":"1994;","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"issue":"(10056)","key":"key20250623052810_B53","article-title":"Cardiovascular event rates and mortality according to achieved systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with stable coronary artery disease: an international cohort study.","volume":"388","author":"Vidal-Petiot","year":"2016;","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Journal of The Association of Physicians of India"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T05:28:26Z","timestamp":1750656506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.japi.org\/article\/japi-72-11-92"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.59556\/japi.72.0704"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59556\/japi.72.0704","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-5772"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-5772","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}}}