{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T10:09:28Z","timestamp":1766398168976,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishing","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAPI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine-metabolic disorder with \nsignificant age-related, anthropometric, and metabolic variations. Understanding the interplay \nbetween age, body composition, and micronutrient status can help identify predictors of metabolic \ndysfunction and long-term complications in women with PCOS. Most studies assess these factors \nin isolation, resulting in fragmented evidence and inconsistent conclusions.\nObjectives: This study aimed to evaluate the predictive associations of age, anthropometric \nparameters, and micronutrient levels (vitamin B12 and vitamin D3) with key metabolic, \ncardiovascular, and nutritional markers in women diagnosed with PCOS.\nMaterials and methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among women with PCOS, \ndivided into two age-groups: group I (15\u201330 years) and group II (31\u201340 years). One-way analysis \nof variance (ANOVA) and linear regression analyses were performed to investigate age- and \nobesity-related differences in metabolic parameters. Pearson\u2019s correlations and regression models \nwere applied to assess the predictive strength of age, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference \n(WC), vitamin B12, and vitamin D3 on metabolic outcomes. The Benjamini\u2013Hochberg method was \napplied to control the false discovery rate (FDR) for multiple comparisons and ensure conclusions \naccount for the increased risk of type I error due to multiple comparisons, thereby supporting the \nvalidity of the study\u2019s observations.\nResults: The PCOS cohort exhibited generalized overweight (BMI 23.0\u201324.9 kg\/m2) and obesity \n(BMI \u226525.0 kg\/m2) in 40 and 54% of subjects, respectively; notably, visceral obesity (WC \u226580 cm) \nwas present in 97% of the cohort, underscoring a marked predominance of central adiposity even \namong those with lower BMI thresholds. The PCOS cohort demonstrated high metabolic risk, \nwith frequent insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension; notably, 25% had nonalcoholic \nfatty liver disease (NAFLD), predominantly mild steatosis, indicating a substantial risk for future \ncardiometabolic complications. Advancing age was significantly associated with higher fasting \nblood sugar (FBS) (p = 0.019) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (p = 0.048), while fasting insulin \ndeclined with age (p = 0.048). BMI and WC were strong predictors of metabolic risk, positively \nimpacting fasting insulin, FBS, HbA1c, and blood pressure (p &lt; 0.05), while showing significant \nnegative associations with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (p &lt; 0.001). Vitamin B12 \nand D3 levels showed no significant impact on metabolic parameters. Vitamin B12 was predicted \nonly by age (p &lt; 0.001) and vitamin D3 (p &lt; 0.001), while vitamin D3 was influenced by age (p &lt; \n0.001) and vitamin B12 levels (p = 0.041).\nConclusion: Central obesity markers\u2014particularly WC and BMI\u2014are robust predictors of metabolic \ndysfunction in PCOS, offering greater prognostic value than micronutrient levels such as vitamin \nB12 or D3, which showed limited association with metabolic disturbances in this population. \nThese findings highlight the primacy of early detection and intervention targeting adiposity and \ninsulin resistance to reduce long-term cardiometabolic risk among women with PCOS. Integrated, \nmultifactorial risk assessment remains essential, as age, nutritional deficits, and obesity-related \nfactors independently and collectively drive adverse metabolic outcomes in PCOS, emphasizing \nthe need for comprehensive preventive and management strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.59556\/japi.73.1281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T10:07:01Z","timestamp":1766398021000},"page":"e8-e16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Interplay of Age, Obesity Measures, and Micronutrient  Deficiencies in PCOS-associated Metabolic Dysfunction  Findings from a Retrospective Postobservational Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.59556","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Zubeda","family":"Tumbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehzamah","family":"Tumbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vaibhavi","family":"Tailor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gunjan","family":"Temkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2914","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"container-title":["Journal of the Association of Physicians of India"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T10:07:02Z","timestamp":1766398022000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/japi.org\/article\/japi-73-12-e8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59556\/japi.73.1281","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-5772"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-5772","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]}}}