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We used the Tower of London task as a measure of planning, self-rated reports as a measure of self-regulation and self-control, and WM measures, to test which of these domain-general functions predicts complex multiplication performance. Results showed that planning predicted multiplication accuracy and self-control predicted response time, while WM and self-regulation did not predict complex multiplication performance. Although WM was not a direct predictor of multiplication performance, it possibly exerted its influence as part of planning ability. We suggest that complex multiplication is not predicted by WM per se, but rather by WM-related general cognitive and behavioral factors, namely self-control and the planning component of executive functions.<\/p>","DOI":"10.5964\/jnc.v3i2.61","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]],"date-time":"2017-12-21T21:13:28Z","timestamp":1513890808000},"page":"441-467","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Planning and self-control, but not working memory, directly predict multiplication performance in adults"],"prefix":"10.5964","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Parvin","family":"Nemati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mojtaba","family":"Soltanlou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Julian-Till","family":"Krimly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hans-Christoph","family":"Nuerk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Gawrilow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1941","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2009.09.006"},{"key":"r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2011.01613.x"},{"key":"r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-2297(82)90012-0"},{"key":"r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-120710-100422"},{"key":"r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(08)60452-1"},{"key":"r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.121.1.65"},{"key":"r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173"},{"key":"r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2005.03.002"},{"key":"r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.12.001"},{"key":"r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/152988602317319302"},{"key":"r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1026\/0012-1924.55.1.2"},{"key":"r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01710.x"},{"key":"r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01499.x"},{"key":"r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.01019.x"},{"key":"r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87565640801982312"},{"key":"r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12059"},{"key":"r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326942DN1903_3"},{"key":"r18","unstructured":"Butterworth, B., Marchesini, N., & Girelli, L. 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