{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T15:16:10Z","timestamp":1788362170405,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Leibniz Institute for Psychology (ZPID)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ejop.psychopen.eu"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur. J. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study aimed to investigate the predictors of fear of childbirth (FoC) in nulliparous women by focusing on the effects of childhood trauma and attachment styles. Identifying psychological factors contributing to FoC is important for improving early intervention strategies and maternal well-being. The study included 496 nulliparous women who had never experienced pregnancy or childbirth. Participants completed the Women\u2019s Childbirth Fear\u2013Prior to Pregnancy Scale (WCF-PPS), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire\u2013Short Form (CTQ-SF), and the Experiences in Close Relationships\u2013Relationship Structures Questionnaire (ECR-RS). Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationships between FoC, childhood trauma, and attachment styles. Fear of childbirth showed a significant positive correlation with anxious attachment (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .257,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .001). Weak but statistically significant associations were also found with emotional abuse (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .094,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .039) and total childhood trauma (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .090,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .049). However, in the regression analysis, only anxious attachment significantly predicted FoC (\u03b2 = .172,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .001), while childhood trauma and avoidant attachment did not emerge as significant predictors. Anxious attachment was identified as the most prominent psychological predictor of FoC in nulliparous women. These results suggest that addressing attachment-related anxiety and early traumatic experiences in pre-pregnancy or prenatal psychological evaluations may reduce fear of childbirth and support maternal mental health.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5964\/ejop.18653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T07:17:25Z","timestamp":1780039045000},"page":"227-238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5964\/psychopen.cmp","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predictors of fear of childbirth in nulliparous women: Childhood traumas and attachment patterns"],"prefix":"10.5964","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"G\u00f6k\u00e7e Kavak","family":"Sinano\u011flu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4516-3076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sezin","family":"Ate\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1941","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.1.1"},{"key":"r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00541-0"},{"key":"r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/106137407783095766"},{"key":"r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440211006056"},{"key":"r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2018.07.004"},{"key":"r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022898"},{"key":"r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_46_20"},{"key":"r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.79.935.505"},{"key":"r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-022-04870-1"},{"key":"r10","unstructured":"Kavak Sinano\u011flu, G. (2025). Predictors of fear of childbirth in nulliparous women: Childhood traumas and attachment patterns [OSF project page containing codebook, study dataset, SPSS syntax, and study materials]. OSF. https:\/\/osf.io\/64jm8\/overview"},{"issue":"1","key":"r11","first-page":"107","article-title":"Severe fear of childbirth: Its features, assessment, prevalence, determinants, consequences and possible treatments.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psihologijske Teme"},{"key":"r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-536X.2010.00420.x"},{"key":"r13","unstructured":"Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2016). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change (2nd ed.). Guilford Press."},{"key":"r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340902998436"},{"key":"r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-1659-7"},{"key":"r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13138"},{"key":"r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-023-01328-x"},{"key":"r18","unstructured":"Pu\u015furo\u011flu, M. (2021). Tokofobi [Tokophobia]. Aksaray \u00dcniversitesi T\u0131p Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(3), 34\u201338. https:\/\/dergipark.org.tr\/tr\/pub\/asujms\/issue\/67709\/885556"},{"key":"r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02646838.2018.1509303"},{"key":"r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5336\/medsci.2011-26947"},{"key":"r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.srhc.2016.02.004"},{"key":"r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-015-0655-4"},{"key":"r23","unstructured":"U\u00e7ar, T., & Ta\u015fhan, S. (2018). The Turkish version of the Childbirth Fear\u2013Prior to Pregnancy Scale: The validity and reliability study in men and women.Anadolu \u00dcniversitesi Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(3), 289\u2013296. https:\/\/dergipark.org.tr\/en\/download\/article-file\/1701775"},{"key":"r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JPN.0000000000000844"}],"container-title":["Europe\u2019s Journal of Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ejop.psychopen.eu\/index.php\/ejop\/article\/download\/18653\/18653.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ejop.psychopen.eu\/index.php\/ejop\/article\/view\/18653\/18653.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ejop.psychopen.eu\/index.php\/ejop\/article\/download\/18653\/18653.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T14:43:11Z","timestamp":1788360191000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ejop.psychopen.eu\/index.php\/ejop\/article\/view\/18653"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5964\/ejop.18653","relation":{"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"uri","id":"https:\/\/osf.io\/64jm8\/overview","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1841-0413"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1841-0413","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"PsychOpen GOLD, a publishing platform for psychology journals, free of charge for authors and readers (diamond open access). 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