{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T14:52:06Z","timestamp":1777906326385,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"JCFCorp SG PTE LTD","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["am j health behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: In this study, we investigated the changes in smoking behavior during the COVID-19 outbreak in Korea in 2020. We also examined the influence of general characteristics and mental health problems due to COVID-19 on changes in smoking behavior. Methods: We collected data from August to October 2020 from adults aged 19 years and older from the Korea Community Health Survey (N=229,269). Results: Among current smokers (N=39,534), 11.0% reported an increase in smoking, and 12.8% reported a decrease in smoking. Overall, 33.3% reported perceived stress and 3.7% reported depression. Participants reported COVID-related anxiety about infecting family (83.0%), economic damage (76.3%), blame or harm from others (66.5%), infection (60.6%), and death (31.3%). Lower education level, living alone, and poor subjective health status were associated with increased smoking. Being a woman and being of older age were associated with decreased smoking. Stress, depression, and anxiety about economic damage due to COVID-19 were more likely to result in increased smoking. Anxiety related to death due to COVID-19 was more likely to result in decreased smoking. Conclusion: These findings provide insight into the changes in smoking behavior caused by COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5993\/ajhb.45.6.7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]],"date-time":"2021-12-31T04:46:31Z","timestamp":1640925991000},"page":"1031-1040","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Smoking Behavior Changes during COVID-19 among Korean Adults"],"prefix":"10.5993","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Mi Ah","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mi Ah Han, Professor, Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hae Ran","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hae Ran Kim, Assistant Professor, Department of Nursing College of Medicine, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea;, Email: rahn00@chosun.ac.kr"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"26169","reference":[{"issue":"24","key":"R83_527_473","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9551","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249551","volume":"17","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"issue":"9","key":"R83_324_343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa082","volume":"22","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1462-2203","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"41","key":"R83_372_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4057","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa460","volume":"41","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0195-668X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"10","key":"R83_324_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25889","volume":"92","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0146-6615","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"R83_324_629","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110455","volume":"170","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0191-8869","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"R83_324_291","first-page":"60","volume":"18","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis."},{"key":"R83_497_96","first-page":"2020","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedRxiv."},{"issue":"6","key":"R84_342_681","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20200533","volume":"31","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Epidemiol.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0917-5040","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"R84_342_603","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa207","volume":"23","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1462-2203","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"R84_416_447","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041931","volume":"18","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"issue":"19","key":"R84_545_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3506","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16193506","volume":"16","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"issue":"4","key":"R84_263_655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2019.02.01","volume":"16","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"issue":"3","key":"R84_218_577","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrp.2015.05.003","volume":"6","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osong Public Health Res Perspect."},{"issue":"6","key":"R84_259_525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15276","volume":"116","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addiction.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0965-2140","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"10","key":"R84_269_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntab079","volume":"23","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1462-2203","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"R84_271_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-020-00858-5","volume":"25","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1342-078X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"R84_158_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041795","volume":"18","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"R84_342_525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2020.100717","volume":"13","year":"2021","journal-title":"SSM - 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