{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:47:29Z","timestamp":1792025249956,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"05","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3164,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background The aim of lower-extremity reconstruction has focused on wound coverage and functional recovery. However, there are limitations in the use of a local flap in cases of extensive defects of the lower-extremities. Therefore, free flap is a useful option in lower-extremity reconstruction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods We performed a retrospective review of 49 patients (52 cases) who underwent lower-extremity reconstruction at our institution during a 10-year period. In these patients, we evaluated causes and sites of defects, types of flaps, recipient vessels, types of anastomosis, survival rate, and complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results There were 42 men and 10 women with a mean age of 32.7 years (range, 3-72 years). The sites of defects included the dorsum of the foot (19), pretibial area (17), ankle (7), heel (5) and other sites (4). The types of free flap included latissimus dorsi muscle flap (10), scapular fascial flap (6), anterolateral thigh flap (6), and other flaps (30). There were four cases of vascular complications, out of which two flaps survived after intervention. The overall survival of the flaps was 96.2% (50\/52). There were 19 cases of other complications at recipient sites such as partial graft loss (8), partial flap necrosis (6) and infection (5). However, these complications were not notable and were resolved with skin grafts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions The free flap is an effective method of lower-extremity reconstruction. Good outcomes can be achieved with complete debridement and the selection of appropriate recipient vessels and flaps according to the recipient site.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5999\/aps.2013.40.5.575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,16]],"date-time":"2013-09-16T20:06:37Z","timestamp":1379361997000},"page":"575-583","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Reconstruction of the Lower Extremity Using Free Flaps"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Min Jo","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chul Hoon","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong Joon","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyul Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199406000-00027","article-title":"From the reconstructive ladder to the reconstructive elevator","volume":"93","author":"LJ Gottlieb","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200012000-00001","article-title":"Short-term wound complications after application of flaps for coverage of traumatic soft-tissue defects about the tibia. The Lower Extremity Assessment Project (LEAP) Study Group","volume":"82","author":"AN Pollak","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198908000-00006","article-title":"Post-trauma reconstruction with free tissue transfer: analysis of 442 consecutive cases","volume":"29","author":"EG Melissinos","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(89)90010-6","article-title":"Free flap surgery: the Welsh Regional Unit experience","volume":"42","author":"NJ Percival","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198605000-00016","article-title":"Comparison of the effect of bacterial inoculation in musculocutaneous and fasciocutaneous flaps","volume":"77","author":"W Calderon","year":"1986","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr 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Microsurg"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2007.03.029","article-title":"Microvascular free tissue transfer in reconstruction of the lower limb","volume":"61","author":"MH Basheer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.1920140311","article-title":"Complications and unsatisfactory results in the microsurgical reconstruction of lower extremities","volume":"14","author":"V Bowen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.1920150514","article-title":"Selection of recipient vessels for free flaps to the distal leg and foot following trauma","volume":"15","author":"HC Chen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199108000-00019","article-title":"Preferential use of the posterior approach to blood vessels of the lower leg in microvascular surgery","volume":"88","author":"M Godina","year":"1991","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197964050-00013","article-title":"Preferential use of end-to-side arterial anastomoses in free flap transfers","volume":"64","author":"M Godina","year":"1979","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.1920070304","article-title":"End-to-end and endto-side microvascular anastomoses: a comparative study","volume":"7","author":"JL Frodel","year":"1986","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199704000-00029","article-title":"A clinical study of end-to-end versus end-to-side techniques for microvascular anastomosis","volume":"99","author":"FJ Samaha","year":"1997","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1006446","article-title":"The clinical reliability of vein grafts in free-flap transfer","volume":"12","author":"G Germann","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(92)90022-P","article-title":"Management of the soft tissues in open tibial fractures","volume":"45","author":"JO Small","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"}],"container-title":["Archives of Plastic 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