{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T06:08:03Z","timestamp":1773295683591,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,22]],"date-time":"2022-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1543,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,15]],"date-time":"2018-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1521072000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.e-aps.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arch Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\nBackground  Intraoperative indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography can effectively detect functioning lymph vessels in edematous limbs. However, it is sometimes difficult to clearly identify their course in later-stage edematous limbs. For this reason, many surgeons rely on experience when they decide where to make the skin incision to locate the lymphatic vessels. The purpose of this study was to elucidate lymphatic vessel flow patterns in healthy upper extremities in a Korean population and to use these findings as a reference for lymphedema treatment.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\nMethods  ICG fluorescence lymphography was performed by injecting 1 mL of ICG into the second web space of the hand. After 4 hours, fluorescence images of lymphatic vessels were obtained with a near-infrared camera, and the lymphatic vessels were marked. Three landmarks were designated: the radial styloid process, the mid-portion of the cubital fossa, and the lower border of the deltopectoral groove. A straight line connecting the points was drawn, and the distance between the connected lines and the marked lymphatic vessels was measured at 8 points.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\nResults  There were 30 healthy upper extremities (15 right and 15 left). The average course of the main lymph vessels passed 26.0\u00b111.6 mm dorsal to the styloid process, 5.7\u00b140.7 mm medial to the mid-cubital fossa, and 31.3\u00b126.1 mm medial to the three-quarters point of the upper landmark line.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\nConclusions  The main functioning lymphatic vessel follows the course of the cephalic vein at the forearm level, crosses the mid-cubital point, and travels medially toward the mid-axilla.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5999\/aps.2017.00983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,19]],"date-time":"2018-03-19T09:07:12Z","timestamp":1521450432000},"page":"152-157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5999\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Lymphatic vessel mapping in the upper extremities of a healthy Korean population"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Yun-Whan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soo-Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hi-Jin","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae-A","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eul-Sik","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deok-Woo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sap.0000250896.42800.a2","article-title":"Novel lymphography using indocyanine green dye for near-infrared fluorescence labeling","volume":"58","author":"F Ogata","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sap.0000257149.42922.7e","article-title":"Lymphedema: a comprehensive review","volume":"59","author":"AG Warren","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Plast 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Unno","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000246516.64780.61","article-title":"The lymphatic territories of the upper limb: anatomical study and clinical implications","volume":"119","author":"H Suami","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.05.043","article-title":"Breast cancer-related arm lymphedema: incidence rates, diagnostic techniques, optimal management and risk reduction strategies","volume":"81","author":"C Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"37","article-title":"Lymphoedema: lymphoscintigraphy versus other diagnostic techniques. A clinician\u2019s point of view","volume":"8","author":"H Tomczak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2007.01.023","article-title":"Preliminary experience with a novel fluorescence lymphography using indocyanine green in patients with secondary lymphedema","volume":"45","author":"N Unno","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2010.04.067","article-title":"A novel method of measuring human lymphatic pumping using indocyanine green fluorescence lymphography","volume":"52","author":"N Unno","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/1358836X9800300209","article-title":"Lymphedema: classification, diagnosis and therapy","volume":"3","author":"A Szuba","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vasc Med"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"2","article-title":"Lymphedema: a general outline of Its anatomical base","volume":"32","author":"M Amore","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"25","article-title":"Using indocyanine green fluorescent lymphography to demonstrate lymphatic architecture","volume":"7","author":"H Suami","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Lymphoedema"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"423","author":"S Ohtsubo","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(94)31303-0","article-title":"Adverse reactions due to indocyanine green","volume":"101","author":"M Hope-Ross","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"}],"container-title":["Archives of Plastic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.e-aps.org\/upload\/pdf\/aps-2017-00983.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.e-aps.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.5999\/aps.2017.00983","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.5999\/aps.2017.00983.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,22]],"date-time":"2022-05-22T22:35:45Z","timestamp":1653258945000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.5999\/aps.2017.00983"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"02","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5999\/aps.2017.00983","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-6163","2234-6171"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-6163","type":"print"},{"value":"2234-6171","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-06-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-09-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-03-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published online","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-03-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Print publication","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}