{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:06:00Z","timestamp":1791821160409,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Harborside Press, LLC","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is an aggressive primary liver malignancy. Although surgical resection remains the standard of care, most patients present with either metastatic or locally advanced, unresectable disease. Although effective systemic therapy is paramount in these situations, locoregional tumor control frequently delays liver-related complications and mortality. To address this challenge, a variety of liver-directed therapies have emerged, including transarterial chemoembolization, transarterial radioembolization with yttrium-90, hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy, external-beam radiation therapy and in select cases, liver transplantation. These modalities have shown promise in prolonging survival, enhancing local control, and in some instances, downstaging tumors to resectability. This review examines recent advancements in locoregional treatment options for unresectable ICC, highlights their use and associated outcomes, and explores general guidelines for optimal patient selection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2025.7085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T17:59:39Z","timestamp":1755194379000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Locoregional Treatment Options for Locally Advanced Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma"],"prefix":"10.6004","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Alex B.","family":"Blair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilson M.","family":"Alobuia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manisha","family":"Palta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven S.","family":"Raman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at The University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew H.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Al B.","family":"Benson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael I.","family":"D\u2019Angelica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan M.","family":"Cloyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4047","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Oncologist","first-page":"594","article-title":"Forty-year trends in cholangiocarcinoma incidence in the U.S.: intrahepatic disease on the rise","volume":"21","author":"Saha SK","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saha SK, Zhu AX, Fuchs CS, Brooks GA. Forty-year trends in cholangiocarcinoma incidence in the U.S.: intrahepatic disease on the rise. Oncologist 2016;21:594\u2013599."},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr","first-page":"270","article-title":"Cohort contributions to trends in the incidence and mortality of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"7","author":"Beal EW","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beal EW, Tumin D, Moris D,  Cohort contributions to trends in the incidence and mortality of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2018;7:270\u2013276."},{"key":"B3","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"84","article-title":"Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: rising frequency, improved survival, and determinants of outcome after resection","volume":"248","author":"Endo I","year":"2008","unstructured":"Endo I, Gonen M, Yopp AC,  Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: rising frequency, improved survival, and determinants of outcome after resection. Ann Surg 2008;248:84\u201396."},{"key":"B4","series-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw","first-page":"694","article-title":"NCCN Guidelines Insights: Biliary Tract Cancers, Version 2.2023","volume":"21","author":"Benson AB","year":"2023","unstructured":"Benson AB, D\u2019Angelica MI, Abrams T,  NCCN Guidelines Insights: Biliary Tract Cancers, Version 2.2023. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2023;21:694\u2013704."},{"key":"B5","series-title":"World J Gastroenterol","first-page":"3695","article-title":"Secular trends of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in a high endemic area: a population-based study","volume":"28","author":"Lin CR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin CR, Lee YK, Chiang CJ,  Secular trends of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in a high endemic area: a population-based study. World J Gastroenterol 2022;28:3695\u20133705."},{"key":"B6","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"944","article-title":"Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma or mixed hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma in patients undergoing liver transplantation: a Spanish matched cohort multicenter study","volume":"259","author":"Sapisochin G","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sapisochin G, de Lope CR, Gastaca M,  Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma or mixed hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma in patients undergoing liver transplantation: a Spanish matched cohort multicenter study. Ann Surg 2014;259:944\u2013952."},{"key":"B7","series-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol","first-page":"337","article-title":"Liver transplantation for locally advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma treated with neoadjuvant therapy: a prospective case-series","volume":"3","author":"Lunsford KE","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lunsford KE, Javle M, Heyne K,  Liver transplantation for locally advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma treated with neoadjuvant therapy: a prospective case-series. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;3:337\u2013348."},{"key":"B8","series-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol","first-page":"557","article-title":"Cholangiocarcinoma 2020: the next horizon in mechanisms and management","volume":"17","author":"Banales JM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Banales JM, Marin JJG, Lamarca A,  Cholangiocarcinoma 2020: the next horizon in mechanisms and management. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;17:557\u2013588."},{"key":"B9","series-title":"CA Cancer J Clin","first-page":"198","article-title":"Advances in the treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: an overview of the current and future therapeutic landscape for clinicians","volume":"73","author":"Moris D","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moris D, Palta M, Kim C,  Advances in the treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: an overview of the current and future therapeutic landscape for clinicians. CA Cancer J Clin 2023;73:198\u2013222."},{"key":"B10","series-title":"J Clin Oncol","first-page":"219","article-title":"Ablative radiotherapy doses lead to a substantial prolongation of survival in patients with inoperable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a retrospective dose response analysis","volume":"34","author":"Tao R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tao R, Krishnan S, Bhosale PR,  Ablative radiotherapy doses lead to a substantial prolongation of survival in patients with inoperable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a retrospective dose response analysis. J Clin Oncol 2016;34:219\u2013226."},{"key":"B11","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"1354","article-title":"Local therapy reduces the risk of liver failure and improves survival in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a comprehensive analysis of 362 consecutive patients","volume":"123","author":"Yamashita S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yamashita S, Koay EJ, Passot G,  Local therapy reduces the risk of liver failure and improves survival in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a comprehensive analysis of 362 consecutive patients. Cancer 2017;123:1354\u20131362."},{"key":"B12","article-title":"NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Biliary Tract Cancers. Version 6.2024","author":"Benson AB","unstructured":"Benson AB, D\u2019Angelica MI, Abrams T,  NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Biliary Tract Cancers. Version 6.2024. Accessed Mar 8, 2025. To view the most recent version, visit https:\/\/www.nccn.org"},{"key":"B13","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"2128","article-title":"Trends in hospital volume and operative mortality for high-risk surgery","volume":"364","author":"Finks JF","year":"2011","unstructured":"Finks JF, Osborne NH, Birkmeyer JD. Trends in hospital volume and operative mortality for high-risk surgery. N Engl J Med 2011;364:2128\u20132137."},{"key":"B14","series-title":"Ann Surg Oncol","first-page":"4091","article-title":"Facility type is associated with margin status and overall survival of patients with resected intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"26","author":"Lee GC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee GC, Gamblin TC, Fong ZV,  Facility type is associated with margin status and overall survival of patients with resected intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2019;26:4091\u20134099."},{"key":"B15","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"724","article-title":"Comprehensive complication index validates improved outcomes over time despite increased complexity in 3707 consecutive hepatectomies","volume":"271","author":"Cloyd JM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cloyd JM, Mizuno T, Kawaguchi Y,  Comprehensive complication index validates improved outcomes over time despite increased complexity in 3707 consecutive hepatectomies. Ann Surg 2020;271:724\u2013731."},{"key":"B16","series-title":"J Surg Oncol","first-page":"133","article-title":"Impact of major vascular resection on outcomes and survival in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a multi-institutional analysis","volume":"116","author":"Reames BN","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reames BN, Ejaz A, Koerkamp BG,  Impact of major vascular resection on outcomes and survival in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a multi-institutional analysis. J Surg Oncol 2017;116:133\u2013139."},{"key":"B17","series-title":"Ann Surg Oncol","first-page":"2023","article-title":"Role of major vascular resection in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Ali SM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ali SM, Clark CJ, Zaydfudim VM,  Role of major vascular resection in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2013;20:2023\u20132028."},{"key":"B18","series-title":"Liver Cancer","first-page":"280","article-title":"Is surgical resection justified for advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma?","volume":"5","author":"Yoh T","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yoh T, Hatano E, Yamanaka K,  Is surgical resection justified for advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma? Liver Cancer 2016;5:280\u2013289."},{"key":"B19","series-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol","first-page":"25","article-title":"Portal vein embolization before liver resection: a systematic review","volume":"36","author":"van Lienden KP","year":"2013","unstructured":"van Lienden KP, van den Esschert JW, de Graaf W,  Portal vein embolization before liver resection: a systematic review. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2013;36:25\u201334."},{"key":"B20","series-title":"Surgery","first-page":"917","article-title":"Liver venous deprivation compared to portal vein embolization to induce hypertrophy of the future liver remnant before major hepatectomy: a single center experience","volume":"167","author":"Kobayashi K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kobayashi K, Yamaguchi T, Denys A,  Liver venous deprivation compared to portal vein embolization to induce hypertrophy of the future liver remnant before major hepatectomy: a single center experience. Surgery 2020;167:917\u2013923."},{"key":"B21","series-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr","first-page":"329","article-title":"Perioperative impact of liver venous deprivation compared with portal venous embolization in patients undergoing right hepatectomy: preliminary results from the pioneer center","volume":"8","author":"Panaro F","year":"2019","unstructured":"Panaro F, Giannone F, Riviere B,  Perioperative impact of liver venous deprivation compared with portal venous embolization in patients undergoing right hepatectomy: preliminary results from the pioneer center. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2019;8:329\u2013337."},{"key":"B22","series-title":"Ann Surg Oncol","first-page":"1372","article-title":"ALPPS for locally advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: did aggressive surgery lead to the oncological benefit? An international multi-center study","volume":"27","author":"Li J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li J, Moustafa M, Linecker M,  ALPPS for locally advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: did aggressive surgery lead to the oncological benefit? An international multi-center study. Ann Surg Oncol 2020;27:1372\u20131384."},{"key":"B23","series-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol","first-page":"679","article-title":"Transarterial yttrium-90 radioembolization for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Schartz DA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schartz DA, Porter M, Schartz E,  Transarterial yttrium-90 radioembolization for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2022;33:679\u2013686."},{"key":"B24","series-title":"JAMA Oncol","first-page":"51","article-title":"Radioembolization plus chemotherapy for first-line treatment of locally advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a phase 2 clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Edeline J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Edeline J, Touchefeu Y, Guiu B,  Radioembolization plus chemotherapy for first-line treatment of locally advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a phase 2 clinical trial. JAMA Oncol 2020;6:51\u201359."},{"key":"B25","series-title":"World J Hepatol","first-page":"693","article-title":"Neoadjuvant treatment strategies for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Akateh C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Akateh C, Ejaz AM, Pawlik TM, Cloyd JM. Neoadjuvant treatment strategies for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. World J Hepatol 2020;12:693\u2013708."},{"key":"B26","series-title":"Br J Surg","first-page":"839","article-title":"Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for initially unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"105","author":"Le Roy B","year":"2018","unstructured":"Le Roy B, Gelli M, Pittau G,  Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for initially unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Br J Surg 2018;105:839\u2013847."},{"key":"B27","series-title":"Abdom Imaging","first-page":"43","article-title":"Combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma of the liver: sonography, CT, angiography, and iodized-oil CT with pathologic correlation","volume":"19","author":"Choi BI","year":"1994","unstructured":"Choi BI, Han JK, Kim YI,  Combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma of the liver: sonography, CT, angiography, and iodized-oil CT with pathologic correlation. Abdom Imaging 1994;19:43\u201346."},{"key":"B28","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"19","article-title":"Newer angiographic observations in cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"118","author":"Walter JF","year":"1976","unstructured":"Walter JF, Bookstein JJ, Bouffard EV. Newer angiographic observations in cholangiocarcinoma. Radiology 1976;118:19\u201323."},{"key":"B29","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1734","article-title":"Arterial embolisation or chemoembolisation versus symptomatic treatment in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"359","author":"Llovet JM","year":"2002","unstructured":"Llovet JM, Real MI, Montana X,  Arterial embolisation or chemoembolisation versus symptomatic treatment in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002;359:1734\u20131739."},{"key":"B30","series-title":"Hepatology","first-page":"1164","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"35","author":"Lo CM","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lo CM, Ngan H, Tso WK,  Randomized controlled trial of transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2002;35:1164\u20131171."},{"key":"B31","series-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol","first-page":"269","article-title":"Transarterial chemoembolization of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with drug eluting beads: results of an open-label study of 62 patients","volume":"31","author":"Malagari K","year":"2008","unstructured":"Malagari K, Chatzimichael K, Alexopoulou E,  Transarterial chemoembolization of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with drug eluting beads: results of an open-label study of 62 patients. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2008;31:269\u2013280."},{"key":"B32","series-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol","first-page":"335","article-title":"DC bead: in vitro characterization of a drug-delivery device for transarterial chemoembolization","volume":"17","author":"Lewis AL","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lewis AL, Gonzalez MV, Lloyd AW,  DC bead: in vitro characterization of a drug-delivery device for transarterial chemoembolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2006;17:335\u2013342."},{"key":"B33","series-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol","first-page":"437","article-title":"Treatment of unresectable cholangiocarcinoma: conventional transarterial chemoembolization compared with drug eluting bead-transarterial chemoembolization and systemic chemotherapy","volume":"24","author":"Kuhlmann JB","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kuhlmann JB, Euringer W, Spangenberg HC,  Treatment of unresectable cholangiocarcinoma: conventional transarterial chemoembolization compared with drug eluting bead-transarterial chemoembolization and systemic chemotherapy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;24:437\u2013443."},{"key":"B34","series-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol","first-page":"883","article-title":"Chemoembolization (TACE) of unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with slow-release doxorubicin-eluting beads: preliminary results","volume":"31","author":"Aliberti C","year":"2008","unstructured":"Aliberti C, Benea G, Tilli M, Fiorentini G. Chemoembolization (TACE) of unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with slow-release doxorubicin-eluting beads: preliminary results. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2008;31:883\u2013888."},{"key":"B35","series-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol","first-page":"353","article-title":"Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in unresectable cholangiocarcinoma: initial experience in a single institution","volume":"16","author":"Burger I","year":"2005","unstructured":"Burger I, Hong K, Schulick R,  Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in unresectable cholangiocarcinoma: initial experience in a single institution. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2005;16:353\u2013361."},{"key":"B36","series-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol","first-page":"1156","article-title":"Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for inoperable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"30","author":"Herber S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Herber S, Otto G, Schneider J,  Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for inoperable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2007;30:1156\u20131165."},{"key":"B37","series-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol","first-page":"1187","article-title":"OEM-TACE: a new therapeutic approach in unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"32","author":"Poggi G","year":"2009","unstructured":"Poggi G, Amatu A, Montagna B,  OEM-TACE: a new therapeutic approach in unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2009;32:1187\u20131192."},{"key":"B38","series-title":"Int J Cancer","first-page":"733","article-title":"Transarterial chemoembolization in the treatment of patients with unresectable cholangiocarcinoma: results and prognostic factors governing treatment success","volume":"131","author":"Vogl TJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vogl TJ, Naguib NN, Nour-Eldin NE,  Transarterial chemoembolization in the treatment of patients with unresectable cholangiocarcinoma: results and prognostic factors governing treatment success. Int J Cancer 2012;131:733\u2013740."},{"key":"B39","series-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol","first-page":"1227","article-title":"Yttrium-90. radioembolization for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: safety, response, and survival analysis","volume":"24","author":"Mouli S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mouli S, Memon K, Baker T,  Yttrium-90. radioembolization for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: safety, response, and survival analysis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2013;24:1227\u20131234."},{"key":"B40","series-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol","first-page":"105","article-title":"Transarterial hepatic yttrium-90 radioembolization in patients with unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: factors associated with prolonged survival","volume":"35","author":"Hoffmann RT","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hoffmann RT, Paprottka PM, Schon A,  Transarterial hepatic yttrium-90 radioembolization in patients with unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: factors associated with prolonged survival. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2012;35:105\u2013116."},{"key":"B41","series-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol","first-page":"120","article-title":"Treatment of unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with yttrium-90 radioembolization: a systematic review and pooled analysis","volume":"41","author":"Al-Adra DP","year":"2015","unstructured":"Al-Adra DP, Gill RS, Axford SJ,  Treatment of unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with yttrium-90 radioembolization: a systematic review and pooled analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol 2015;41:120\u2013127."},{"key":"B42","series-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol","first-page":"694","article-title":"Survival and toxicities after yttrium-90 transarterial radioembolization of cholangiocarcinoma in the RESiN registry","volume":"34","author":"Robinson TJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Robinson TJ, Du L, Matsuoka L,  Survival and toxicities after yttrium-90 transarterial radioembolization of cholangiocarcinoma in the RESiN registry. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2023;34:694\u2013701.e3."},{"key":"B43","series-title":"Ann Surg Oncol","first-page":"3779","article-title":"Intra-arterial therapy for advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a multi-institutional analysis","volume":"20","author":"Hyder O","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hyder O, Marsh JW, Salem R,  Intra-arterial therapy for advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a multi-institutional analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 2013;20:3779\u20133786."},{"key":"B44","series-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol","first-page":"728","article-title":"Transarterial chemoembolization and radioembolization for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma-a systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Mosconi C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mosconi C, Solaini L, Vara G,  Transarterial chemoembolization and radioembolization for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma-a systemic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2021;44:728\u2013738."},{"key":"B45","series-title":"Compr Ther","first-page":"25","article-title":"Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for metastatic liver cancers","volume":"10","author":"Ensminger WD","year":"1984","unstructured":"Ensminger WD, Gyves JW. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for metastatic liver cancers. Compr Ther 1984;10:25\u201334."},{"key":"B46","series-title":"J Am Coll Surg","first-page":"57","article-title":"Technical complications and durability of hepatic artery infusion pumps for unresectable colorectal liver metastases: an institutional experience of 544 consecutive cases","volume":"201","author":"Allen PJ","year":"2005","unstructured":"Allen PJ, Nissan A, Picon AI,  Technical complications and durability of hepatic artery infusion pumps for unresectable colorectal liver metastases: an institutional experience of 544 consecutive cases. J Am Coll Surg 2005;201:57\u201365."},{"key":"B47","series-title":"Oncology","first-page":"300","article-title":"Combination of HAI-FUDR and systemic gemcitabine and cisplatin in unresectable cholangiocarcinoma: a dose finding single center study","volume":"99","author":"Pietge H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pietge H, Sanchez-Velazquez P, Akhoundova D,  Combination of HAI-FUDR and systemic gemcitabine and cisplatin in unresectable cholangiocarcinoma: a dose finding single center study. Oncology 2021;99:300\u2013309."},{"key":"B48","series-title":"Ann Oncol","first-page":"1589","article-title":"Regional chemotherapy for unresectable primary liver cancer: results of a phase II clinical trial and assessment of DCE-MRI as a biomarker of survival","volume":"20","author":"Jarnagin WR","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jarnagin WR, Schwartz LH, Gultekin DH,  Regional chemotherapy for unresectable primary liver cancer: results of a phase II clinical trial and assessment of DCE-MRI as a biomarker of survival. Ann Oncol 2009;20:1589\u20131595."},{"key":"B49","series-title":"JAMA Oncol","first-page":"60","article-title":"Assessment of hepatic arterial infusion of floxuridine in combination with systemic gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a phase 2 clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Cercek A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cercek A, Boerner T, Tan BR,  Assessment of hepatic arterial infusion of floxuridine in combination with systemic gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a phase 2 clinical trial. JAMA Oncol 2020;6:60\u201367."},{"key":"B50","series-title":"J Clin Oncol","first-page":"511.","article-title":"A phase II trial of induction systemic mFOLFIRINOX followed by hepatic arterial infusion of floxuridine and dexamethasone given concurrently with systemic mFOLFIRI as a first-line therapy in patients with unresectable liver-dominant intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (HELIX-1)","volume":"42","author":"Mayo SC","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mayo SC, Patel R, Walker BS,  A phase II trial of induction systemic mFOLFIRINOX followed by hepatic arterial infusion of floxuridine and dexamethasone given concurrently with systemic mFOLFIRI as a first-line therapy in patients with unresectable liver-dominant intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (HELIX-1). J Clin Oncol 2024;42(Suppl):Abstract 511."},{"key":"B51","series-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst","first-page":"279","article-title":"Long-term outcomes in patients with advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma treated with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy","volume":"117","author":"Cowzer D","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cowzer D, Soares K, Walch H,  Long-term outcomes in patients with advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma treated with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 2025;117:279\u2013286."},{"key":"B52","series-title":"Clin Cancer Res","first-page":"4101","article-title":"Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with lymph node metastasis: treatment-related outcomes and the role of tumor genomics in patient selection","volume":"27","author":"Jolissaint JS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jolissaint JS, Soares KC, Seier KP,  Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with lymph node metastasis: treatment-related outcomes and the role of tumor genomics in patient selection. Clin Cancer Res 2021;27:4101\u20134108."},{"key":"B53","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"758","article-title":"Unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: systemic plus hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy is associated with longer survival in comparison with systemic chemotherapy alone","volume":"122","author":"Konstantinidis IT","year":"2016","unstructured":"Konstantinidis IT, Groot Koerkamp B, Do RK,  Unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: systemic plus hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy is associated with longer survival in comparison with systemic chemotherapy alone. Cancer 2016;122:758\u2013765."},{"key":"B54","series-title":"JAMA Surg","first-page":"590","article-title":"Comparison of hepatic arterial infusion pump chemotherapy vs resection for patients with multifocal intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"157","author":"Franssen S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Franssen S, Soares KC, Jolissaint JS,  Comparison of hepatic arterial infusion pump chemotherapy vs resection for patients with multifocal intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. JAMA Surg 2022;157:590\u2013596."},{"key":"B55","series-title":"Ann Surg Oncol","first-page":"115","article-title":"Gemcitabine with cisplatin versus hepatic arterial infusion pump chemotherapy for liver-confined unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"31","author":"Franssen S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Franssen S, Holster JJ, Jolissaint JS,  Gemcitabine with cisplatin versus hepatic arterial infusion pump chemotherapy for liver-confined unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2024;31:115\u2013124."},{"key":"B56","series-title":"Ann Surg Oncol","first-page":"5528","article-title":"Hepatic arterial infusion pump chemotherapy for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Holster JJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Holster JJ, El Hassnaoui M, Franssen S,  Hepatic arterial infusion pump chemotherapy for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 2022;29:5528\u20135538."},{"key":"B57","series-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst","first-page":"200","article-title":"Advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: post hoc analysis of the ABC-01, -02, and -03 clinical trials","volume":"112","author":"Lamarca A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lamarca A, Ross P, Wasan HS,  Advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: post hoc analysis of the ABC-01, -02, and -03 clinical trials. J Natl Cancer Inst 2020;112:200\u2013210."},{"key":"B58","series-title":"J Hepatol.","article-title":"Durvalumab plus chemotherapy in advanced biliary tract cancer: 3-year overall survival update from the phase III TOPAZ-1 study","author":"Oh DY","unstructured":"Oh DY, He AR, Qin S,  Durvalumab plus chemotherapy in advanced biliary tract cancer: 3-year overall survival update from the phase III TOPAZ-1 study. J Hepatol. Published online May 15, 2025. doi:10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.05.003"},{"key":"B59","series-title":"Chemotherapy","first-page":"354","article-title":"Hepatic arterial infusion of gemcitabine plus oxaliplatin as second-line treatment for locally advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: preliminary experience","volume":"59","author":"Ghiringhelli F","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ghiringhelli F, Lorgis V, Vincent J,  Hepatic arterial infusion of gemcitabine plus oxaliplatin as second-line treatment for locally advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: preliminary experience. Chemotherapy 2013;59:354\u2013360."},{"key":"B60","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"23961.","article-title":"Efficacy analysis of HAIC combined with lenvatinib plus PD1 inhibitor vs. first-line systemic chemotherapy for advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"14","author":"Lin Z","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin Z, Zou X, Hu X,  Efficacy analysis of HAIC combined with lenvatinib plus PD1 inhibitor vs. first-line systemic chemotherapy for advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Sci Rep 2024;14:23961."},{"key":"B61","series-title":"Int Immunopharmacol","first-page":"112872.","article-title":"Hepatic arterial infusion of GEMOX plus systemic gemcitabine chemotherapy combined with lenvatinib and PD-1 inhibitor in large unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"140","author":"Ni JY","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ni JY, Sun HL, Guo GF,  Hepatic arterial infusion of GEMOX plus systemic gemcitabine chemotherapy combined with lenvatinib and PD-1 inhibitor in large unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2024;140:112872."},{"key":"B62","series-title":"Ann Oncol","first-page":"S1459.","article-title":"A single-arm multicenter phase II study of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) combined with donafenib and sintilimab as first-line treatment for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CHANCE 2203)","volume":"35","author":"Teng G","year":"2024","unstructured":"Teng G, Zhu H, Song J,  A single-arm multicenter phase II study of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) combined with donafenib and sintilimab as first-line treatment for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CHANCE 2203). Ann Oncol 2024;35(Suppl 4):Abstract S1459."},{"key":"B63","series-title":"J Surg Oncol","first-page":"213","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of hepatic artery based therapies for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"111","author":"Boehm LM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boehm LM, Jayakrishnan TT, Miura JT,  Comparative effectiveness of hepatic artery based therapies for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2015;111:213\u2013220."},{"key":"B64","series-title":"Ann Surg Oncol","first-page":"1609","article-title":"Biliary sclerosis after hepatic arterial infusion pump chemotherapy for patients with colorectal cancer liver metastasis: incidence, clinical features, and risk factors","volume":"19","author":"Ito K","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ito K, Ito H, Kemeny NE,  Biliary sclerosis after hepatic arterial infusion pump chemotherapy for patients with colorectal cancer liver metastasis: incidence, clinical features, and risk factors. Ann Surg Oncol 2012;19:1609\u20131617."},{"key":"B65","series-title":"J Clin Oncol","first-page":"657","article-title":"Phase I study of individualized stereotactic body radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"26","author":"Tse RV","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tse RV, Hawkins M, Lockwood G,  Phase I study of individualized stereotactic body radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:657\u2013664."},{"key":"B66","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"1974","article-title":"Solutions that enable ablative radiotherapy for large liver tumors: fractionated dose painting, simultaneous integrated protection, motion management, and computed tomography image guidance","volume":"122","author":"Crane CH","year":"2016","unstructured":"Crane CH, Koay EJ. Solutions that enable ablative radiotherapy for large liver tumors: fractionated dose painting, simultaneous integrated protection, motion management, and computed tomography image guidance. Cancer 2016;122:1974\u20131986."},{"key":"B67","series-title":"Pract Radiat Oncol","first-page":"28","article-title":"External beam radiation therapy for primary liver cancers: an ASTRO clinical practice guideline","volume":"12","author":"Apisarnthanarax S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Apisarnthanarax S, Barry A, Cao M,  External beam radiation therapy for primary liver cancers: an ASTRO clinical practice guideline. Pract Radiat Oncol 2022;12:28\u201351."},{"key":"B68","series-title":"J Clin Oncol","first-page":"2617","article-title":"SWOG S0809: a phase II intergroup trial of adjuvant capecitabine and gemcitabine followed by radiotherapy and concurrent capecitabine in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder carcinoma","volume":"33","author":"Ben-Josef E","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ben-Josef E, Guthrie KA, El-Khoueiry AB,  SWOG S0809: a phase II intergroup trial of adjuvant capecitabine and gemcitabine followed by radiotherapy and concurrent capecitabine in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2015;33:2617\u20132622."},{"key":"B69","series-title":"J Clin Oncol","first-page":"460","article-title":"Multi-institutional phase II study of high-dose hypofractionated proton beam therapy in patients with localized, unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"34","author":"Hong TS","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hong TS, Wo JY, Yeap BY,  Multi-institutional phase II study of high-dose hypofractionated proton beam therapy in patients with localized, unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2016;34:460\u2013468."},{"key":"B70","series-title":"Radiother Oncol","first-page":"42","article-title":"Stereotactic body radiotherapy dose and its impact on local control and overall survival of patients for locally advanced intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"132","author":"Brunner TB","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brunner TB, Blanck O, Lewitzki V,  Stereotactic body radiotherapy dose and its impact on local control and overall survival of patients for locally advanced intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Radiother Oncol 2019;132:42\u201347."},{"key":"B71","series-title":"J Clin Oncol","first-page":"42(Suppl):Abstract 4006","article-title":"Addition of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) to systemic chemotherapy in locally advanced cholangiocarcinoma (CC) (ABC-07): results from a randomized phase II trial","author":"Hawkins M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hawkins M, Valle J, Wasan H,  Addition of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) to systemic chemotherapy in locally advanced cholangiocarcinoma (CC) (ABC-07): results from a randomized phase II trial. J Clin Oncol 2024:42(Suppl):Abstract 4006."},{"key":"B72","series-title":"Transplantation","first-page":"1633","article-title":"Liver transplantation for cholangiocarcinoma: results in 207 patients","volume":"69","author":"Meyer CG","year":"2000","unstructured":"Meyer CG, Penn I, James L. Liver transplantation for cholangiocarcinoma: results in 207 patients. Transplantation 2000;69:1633\u20131637."},{"key":"B73","series-title":"Am J Surg","first-page":"768","article-title":"Is liver transplantation indicated for cholangiocarcinoma?","volume":"166","author":"Goldstein RM","year":"1993","unstructured":"Goldstein RM, Stone M, Tillery GW,  Is liver transplantation indicated for cholangiocarcinoma? Am J Surg 1993;166:768\u2013771; discussion 771\u2013772."},{"key":"B74","series-title":"World J Surg","first-page":"807","article-title":"Role of liver transplantation in the treatment of unresectable liver cancer","volume":"19","author":"Pichlmayr R","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pichlmayr R, Weimann A, Oldhafer KJ,  Role of liver transplantation in the treatment of unresectable liver cancer. World J Surg 1995;19:807\u2013813."},{"key":"B75","series-title":"Transplant Proc","first-page":"2463","article-title":"Unsatisfactory long-term results of liver transplant in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"52","author":"Krasnodebski M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Krasnodebski M, Grat M, Jastrzebski M,  Unsatisfactory long-term results of liver transplant in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Transplant Proc 2020;52:2463\u20132467."},{"key":"B76","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"265","article-title":"Spanish experience in liver transplantation for hilar and peripheral cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"239","author":"Robles R","year":"2004","unstructured":"Robles R, Figueras J, Turrion VS,  Spanish experience in liver transplantation for hilar and peripheral cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg 2004;239:265\u2013271."},{"key":"B77","series-title":"Hepatology","first-page":"1178","article-title":"Liver transplantation for \u201cvery early\u201d intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: international retrospective study supporting a prospective assessment","volume":"64","author":"Sapisochin G","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sapisochin G, Facciuto M, Rubbia-Brandt L,  Liver transplantation for \u201cvery early\u201d intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: international retrospective study supporting a prospective assessment. Hepatology 2016;64:1178\u20131188."},{"key":"B78","series-title":"J Gastrointest Surg","first-page":"117","article-title":"Outcomes analysis for 280 patients with cholangiocarcinoma treated with liver transplantation over an 18-year period","volume":"12","author":"Becker NS","year":"2008","unstructured":"Becker NS, Rodriguez JA, Barshes NR,  Outcomes analysis for 280 patients with cholangiocarcinoma treated with liver transplantation over an 18-year period. J Gastrointest Surg 2008;12:117\u2013122."},{"key":"B79","series-title":"J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci","first-page":"346","article-title":"Incidental intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in patients undergoing liver transplantation: a multi-center study in Japan","volume":"28","author":"Hara T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hara T, Eguchi S, Yoshizumi T,  Incidental intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in patients undergoing liver transplantation: a multi-center study in Japan. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2021;28:346\u2013352."},{"key":"B80","series-title":"Langenbecks Arch Surg","first-page":"71","article-title":"Liver transplantation for hilar cholangiocarcinoma\u2013a single-centre experience","volume":"398","author":"Schule S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schule S, Altendorf-Hofmann A, Utess F,  Liver transplantation for hilar cholangiocarcinoma\u2013a single-centre experience. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2013;398:71\u201377."},{"key":"B81","series-title":"Gastroenterology","first-page":"88","article-title":"Efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoradiation, followed by liver transplantation, for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma at 12 US centers","volume":"143","author":"Darwish Murad S","year":"2012","unstructured":"Darwish Murad S, Kim WR, Harnois DM,  Efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoradiation, followed by liver transplantation, for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma at 12 US centers. Gastroenterology 2012;143:88\u201398.e3; quiz e14."},{"key":"B82","series-title":"Am J Transplant","first-page":"774","article-title":"Radiochemotherapy and transplantation allow long-term survival for nonresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"2","author":"Sudan D","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sudan D, DeRoover A, Chinnakotla S,  Radiochemotherapy and transplantation allow long-term survival for nonresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Am J Transplant 2002;2:774\u2013779."},{"key":"B83","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"451","article-title":"Liver transplantation with neoadjuvant chemoradiation is more effective than resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"242","author":"Rea DJ","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rea DJ, Heimbach JK, Rosen CB,  Liver transplantation with neoadjuvant chemoradiation is more effective than resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg 2005;242:451\u2013458; discussion 458\u2013461."},{"key":"B84","series-title":"J Gastrointest Oncol","first-page":"248","article-title":"Neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by orthotopic liver transplantation in cholangiocarcinomas: the Emory experience","volume":"7","author":"Marchan EM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marchan EM, Landry JC. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by orthotopic liver transplantation in cholangiocarcinomas: the Emory experience. J Gastrointest Oncol 2016;7:248\u2013254."},{"key":"B85","series-title":"Semin Liver Dis","first-page":"201","article-title":"Liver transplantation for unresectable perihilar cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"24","author":"Heimbach JK","year":"2004","unstructured":"Heimbach JK, Gores GJ, Haddock MG,  Liver transplantation for unresectable perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. Semin Liver Dis 2004;24:201\u2013207."},{"key":"B86","series-title":"Am J Transplant","first-page":"823","article-title":"Survival following liver transplantation for locally advanced, unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"22","author":"McMillan RR","year":"2022","unstructured":"McMillan RR, Javle M, Kodali S,  Survival following liver transplantation for locally advanced, unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Am J Transplant 2022;22:823\u2013832."},{"key":"B87","series-title":"Transpl Int","first-page":"13641.","article-title":"Liver transplantation for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma after chemotherapy and radioembolization: an intention-to-treat study","volume":"37","author":"Maspero M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maspero M, Sposito C, Bongini MA,  Liver transplantation for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma after chemotherapy and radioembolization: an intention-to-treat study. Transpl Int 2024;37:13641."},{"key":"B88","series-title":"Br J Surg","first-page":"znaf054","article-title":"Liver transplantation for locally advanced non-resectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma treated with neoadjuvant therapy: early results from the TESLA trial","volume":"112","author":"Yaqub S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yaqub S, Busund S, Smedman TM,  Liver transplantation for locally advanced non-resectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma treated with neoadjuvant therapy: early results from the TESLA trial. Br J Surg 2025;112:znaf054."},{"key":"B89","series-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol","first-page":"529","article-title":"Liver transplantation for locally advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma - authors' reply","volume":"3","author":"Lunsford KE","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lunsford KE, Javle M, Gaber AO,  Liver transplantation for locally advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma - authors' reply. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;3:529\u2013530."},{"key":"B90","series-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol","first-page":"694","article-title":"Durvalumab or placebo plus gemcitabine and cisplatin in participants with advanced biliary tract cancer (TOPAZ-1): updated overall survival from a randomised phase 3 study","volume":"9","author":"Oh DY","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oh DY, He AR, Bouattour M,  Durvalumab or placebo plus gemcitabine and cisplatin in participants with advanced biliary tract cancer (TOPAZ-1): updated overall survival from a randomised phase 3 study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024;9:694\u2013704."},{"key":"B91","series-title":"Am J Cancer Res","first-page":"1026","article-title":"Local-regional therapy combined with toripalimab and lenvatinib in patients with advanced biliary tract cancer","volume":"13","author":"Wang Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Y, Xun Z, Yang X,  Local-regional therapy combined with toripalimab and lenvatinib in patients with advanced biliary tract cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2023;13:1026\u20131037."},{"key":"B92","series-title":"Cancer Treat Res Commun","first-page":"100356.","article-title":"IDH inhibitors in advanced cholangiocarcinoma: another arrow in the quiver?","volume":"27","author":"Rizzo A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rizzo A, Ricci AD, Brandi G. IDH inhibitors in advanced cholangiocarcinoma: another arrow in the quiver? Cancer Treat Res Commun 2021;27:100356."},{"key":"B93","series-title":"Lancet Oncol","first-page":"796","article-title":"Ivosidenib in IDH1-mutant, chemotherapy-refractory cholangiocarcinoma (ClarIDHy): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study","volume":"21","author":"Abou-Alfa GK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abou-Alfa GK, Macarulla T, Javle MM,  Ivosidenib in IDH1-mutant, chemotherapy-refractory cholangiocarcinoma (ClarIDHy): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol 2020;21:796\u2013807."},{"key":"B94","series-title":"Expert Opin Investig Drugs","first-page":"463","article-title":"Targeting FGFR in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma [iCCA]: leading the way for precision medicine in biliary tract cancer [BTC]?","volume":"30","author":"Aitcheson G","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aitcheson G, Mahipal A, John BV. Targeting FGFR in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma [iCCA]: leading the way for precision medicine in biliary tract cancer [BTC]? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021;30:463\u2013477."},{"key":"B95","series-title":"Lancet Oncol","first-page":"671","article-title":"Pemigatinib for previously treated, locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma: a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 study","volume":"21","author":"Abou-Alfa GK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abou-Alfa GK, Sahai V, Hollebecque A,  Pemigatinib for previously treated, locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma: a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol 2020;21:671\u2013684."},{"key":"B96","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1853","article-title":"Pembrolizumab in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin compared with gemcitabine and cisplatin alone for patients with advanced biliary tract cancer (KEYNOTE-966): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"401","author":"Kelley RK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kelley RK, Ueno M, Yoo C,  Pembrolizumab in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin compared with gemcitabine and cisplatin alone for patients with advanced biliary tract cancer (KEYNOTE-966): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2023;401:1853\u20131865."},{"key":"B97","series-title":"Cancer Res Treat","first-page":"838","article-title":"Combined high-dose radiotherapy with sequential gemcitabine-cisplatin based chemotherapy increase the resectability and survival in locally advanced unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a multi-institutional cohort study","volume":"56","author":"Im JH","year":"2024","unstructured":"Im JH, Yu JI, Kim TH,  Combined high-dose radiotherapy with sequential gemcitabine-cisplatin based chemotherapy increase the resectability and survival in locally advanced unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a multi-institutional cohort study. Cancer Res Treat 2024;56:838\u2013846."},{"key":"B98","series-title":"Int J Surg","first-page":"4608","article-title":"Conversion surgery intervention versus continued systemic therapy in patients with a response after PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitor-based combination therapy for initially unresectable biliary tract cancer: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"110","author":"Wang S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang S, Wang Y, Zhu C,  Conversion surgery intervention versus continued systemic therapy in patients with a response after PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitor-based combination therapy for initially unresectable biliary tract cancer: a retrospective cohort study. Int J Surg 2024;110:4608\u20134616."},{"key":"B99","series-title":"Am J Surg","first-page":"1182","article-title":"Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is associated with improved survival in patients undergoing hepatic resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"221","author":"Sutton TL","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sutton TL, Billingsley KG, Walker BS,  Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is associated with improved survival in patients undergoing hepatic resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Am J Surg 2021;221:1182\u20131187."}],"container-title":["Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jnccn.org\/view\/journals\/jnccn\/23\/9\/article-e257085.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jnccn.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jnccn\/23\/9\/article-e257085.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jnccn.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jnccn\/23\/9\/article-e257085.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T12:25:45Z","timestamp":1757507145000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jnccn.org\/view\/journals\/jnccn\/23\/9\/article-e257085.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6004\/jnccn.2025.7085","relation":{},"ISSN":["1540-1405","1540-1413"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1540-1405","type":"print"},{"value":"1540-1413","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}}}