{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:13:36Z","timestamp":1787062416553,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Korean Society of Pediatric Endocrinology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725062400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-apem.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: Social distancing policies and school closures in South Korea induced by coronavirus disease 2019 have raised concerns about a lower chance of exposure to sunlight in children and adolescents. This study investigates changes in the vitamin D status of children and adolescents following the pandemic.Methods: This retrospective study includes healthy children aged 3\u201318 years who visited Hanyang University Hospitals in Seoul or Guri during pre-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and post-COVID-19 pandemic periods. August 2017 to July 2019 is defined as the pre-COVID-19 pandemic period, while the period from July 2020 to July 2021 is defined as post-COVID-19 or \"during the pandemic.\" Propensity scores were used to match the prepandemic and pandemic groups 1:1 based on age, sex, season of blood collection, and body mass index z-score to compare vitamin D status among subjects.Results: Among 786 eligible children, 506 were matched using propensity scores. There were no significant differences in mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) D) levels (20.1\u00b16.5 ng\/mL vs. 19.9\u00b16.3 ng\/mL, P&gt;0.05) or vitamin D deficiency rates (53.0% vs. 54.9%, P&gt;0.05) between the prepandemic and pandemic groups. Seasonal analysis revealed lower mean serum 25(OH)D levels during the pandemic in winter\/spring seasons in comparison to these levels in subjects in prepandemic winter\/spring seasons (19.1\u00b13.8 ng\/mL vs. 17.2\u00b13.7 ng\/mL, P=0.006).Conclusion: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Korean children and adolescents showed similar serum 25(OH)D levels and vitamin D status to the prepandemic period, with a significant decrease in these measures observed in winter\/spring seasons only. Prolonged confinement, such as in pandemic circumstances, underscores the need for vigilant monitoring of vitamin D status and supplementation, particularly in high-risk seasons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2346196.098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T19:03:38Z","timestamp":1724871818000},"page":"220-226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6065\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on serum vitamin D concentration in Korean children"],"prefix":"10.6065","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2179-5802","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jinjoo","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9396-1676","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yunsoo","family":"Choe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7525-0897","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kyeongmi","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0417-0421","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nayoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3380-6962","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seung","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4096","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2013.56.10.417"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.943529"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-021-09679-5"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8090533"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-017-9424-1"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09429-3"},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"COVID-19, changes in infectious disease response over the past 3 years [Internet]"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"886","volume-title":"Global changes in child and adolescent physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Neville","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2021.36.e21"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.galenos.2022.2021-10-6"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092089"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2020.08.006"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-1011"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00103"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.3.690"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114522000149"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11123034"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"372","volume-title":"Evaluation of the vitamin D levels of children according to seasons, gender and age","author":"Bo\u011fa","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2142228.114"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"e2022056552","volume-title":"Changes in BMI during the COVID-19 pandemic","author":"Knapp","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3343\/lmo.2016.6.2.70"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5223\/pghn.2021.24.2.207"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"111","volume-title":"COVID-19 waves and their characteristics in the Seoul metropolitan area (Jan 20, 2020- Aug 31, 2022)","author":"Ha","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref25","volume-title":"COVID-19 response white paper [Internet]","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09637480802400487"}],"container-title":["Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology &amp; 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