{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T10:11:28Z","timestamp":1775211088299,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Korean Society of Pediatric Endocrinology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004319","name":"Pfizer Inc.","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-apem.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: To assess disparities in children referred for short stature evaluation and to evaluate the effectiveness of physician interventions on referral rates.Methods: Retrospective chart review was conducted on children referred to a pediatric endocrinology center for short stature evaluation between 1\/1\/2022 and 12\/31\/2023. Interventions for participating physicians included an educational lecture and electronic medical record alert. Six-month pre- and postintervention referral rates for short stature from a general pediatrics practice were assessed.Results: There were 747 children (68% males) with a predominance of non-Hispanic White (NHW) children (64%). Females presented at a younger age (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;0.001), lower height (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;0.001), and a greater height deficit (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;\/i&gt;=0.002) than males. Hispanic children presented with greater height deficits than NHW and non-Hispanic Black (NHB) children (all &lt;i&gt;P&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;0.05). In those with heights &lt;-2 standard deviations (SDs) (n=192) from the mean, there were no significant sex differences; however, Hispanic children continued to have greater height deficit than NHW and NHB children (all &lt;i&gt;P&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;0.02). There was no sex difference in those who underwent growth hormone stimulation testing (GHST); however, NHW children comprised the largest racial group. After implementing the interventions in the general pediatrics practice, short stature referral rates improved (15 of 118 referrals [13%] to 25 of 81 referrals [31%], &lt;i&gt;P&lt;\/i&gt;=0.002).Conclusion: Disparities in overall short stature referrals were less evident in the subset of children with heights &lt;-2 SD from mean. There was no significant sex bias in GHST, but racial\/ethnic disparities remained. Improvement in referring and evaluating females and children from minority groups is still crucial as they remain under referred.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2448210.105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T13:38:23Z","timestamp":1748957903000},"page":"201-206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6065\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sex and racial\/ethnic disparities in children presenting for short stature evaluation: in-depth analysis at a single center"],"prefix":"10.6065","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2436-3573","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vickie","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5184-0390","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julie","family":"Samuels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5649-8069","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Terri H.","family":"Lipman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7557-1840","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claire","family":"Dunphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Paciencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8395-662X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cynthia","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0915-3551","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert","family":"Rapaport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4096","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1563"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.09.009"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.04.034"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(05)80647-x"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000452887"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":""},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2000 CDC growth charts for the United States: methods and development","author":"Kuczmarski","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000520250"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000518995"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem.2007.20.1.21"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.15047"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000053138"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000440804"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4158\/ep14052.or"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00539-5"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11099"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22298"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.84.5.864"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-013-2441-1"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.34147"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-050333"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000491793"}],"container-title":["Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology &amp; 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