{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:23:50Z","timestamp":1787063030382,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Korean Society of Pediatric Endocrinology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-apem.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is recommended by clinical guidelines for children and adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) to improve clinical outcomes. In Thailand, CGM was incorporated into the Universal Healthcare Coverage (UHC) program in mid-2023. This study aimed to evaluate preliminary clinical outcomes and device adoption at a single tertiary care center. Glycemic outcomes were assessed before and after CGM use following the UHC reimbursement program and results were compared across 4 groups: self-monitoring blood glucose, CGM, open-loop insulin pump, and hybrid closed-loop (HCL). CGM adherence and parameters were also analyzed.Methods: This retrospective-prospective study collected and analyzed demographic data, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, and CGM parameters.Results: A total of 142 T1DM patients (median age, 17.3 years; range, 3.5\u201369.2 years) were included. Baseline HbA1c was 8.1%\u00b11.5%, with no significant differences among groups (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;\/i&gt;=0.223). The HCL group showed the largest HbA1c reduction at 12 months (-0.99%, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;\/i&gt;= 0.001), particularly in patients &lt;18 years (-1.21%, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;\/i&gt;=0.014). CGM users showed improvements in HbA1c (-0.29%) and a higher proportion achieving time in range (TIR) \u226570% at 12 months (69.2% vs. 47.1%, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;\/i&gt;=0.08), though this was not statistically significant. Preliminary CGM uptake was 12% (17 of 142). The HCL group exhibited higher TIR and better sensor adherence (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;0.05), while other groups showed no significant changes.Conclusion: The HCL system significantly improved glycemic outcomes, particularly in younger patients. However, CGM adoption remains low, highlighting the need for expanded access, enhanced reimbursement policies, and improved adherence strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2550096.048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T02:24:24Z","timestamp":1765160664000},"page":"66-75","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6065\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Preliminary clinical outcomes and adoption of continuous glucose monitoring following reimbursement implementation in patients with type 1 diabetes in Thailand"],"prefix":"10.6065","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1276-8570","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nichapa","family":"Yordsudueam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1222-9588","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nattakarn","family":"Numsriskulrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7582-2366","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Worapimon","family":"Lerdrassameethad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pattayarporn","family":"Paleekul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9120-3179","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jutipond","family":"jitchana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4801-9697","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nitchakarn","family":"Laichuthai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7310-3997","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Taninee","family":"Sahakitrungruang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4096","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13732"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(22)00218-2"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1600"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-S014"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14863"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-1674"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6940"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"1084","volume-title":"Sustained effectiveness of an advanced hybrid closed-loop system in a cohort of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a 1-year real-world study","author":"Passanisi","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"108","volume-title":"Changes in glucose variability and diabetes control in children and young adults with type 1 diabetes on routine continuous glucose monitoring and continuous subcutaneous insulin therapy following a switch to hybrid closed-loop therapy (MiniMed 780G) \u2013 retrospective study","author":"Bili\u0144ska","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968241290259"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2023.0455"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-022-02058-9"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2021.0443"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13696998.2021.1939706"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-021-01157-0"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-0951"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-1666"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2011.03368.x"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968211011199"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12913"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12833"},{"key":"ref22","volume-title":""},{"key":"ref23","volume-title":""},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2024.0804"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968231176533"},{"key":"ref26","volume-title":""},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110718"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2025.0028"}],"container-title":["Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology &amp; 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