{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:06:16Z","timestamp":1787501176231,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Korean Society of Pediatric Endocrinology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-apem.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: Given the limitations of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics have been proposed as complementary indicators of glycemic control. This study evaluated the association between CGM metrics and HbA1c and developed HbA1c prediction models in Korean pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).Methods: We retrospectively analyzed CGM data from 85 patients aged 2\u201318 years using real-time CGM systems (G6 or G7). CGM records over 12 weeks were segmented into 5 intervals (0\u20132, 0\u20134, 4\u20138, 8\u201312, and 0\u201312 weeks) prior to HbA1c measurement. Metrics included time-in-range (TIR), time-above-range (TAR), time-below-range, time-in-tight-range, coefficient of variation, and average glucose. HbA1c prediction models were constructed using ridge regression and validated in a separate test dataset.Results: TIR consistently showed the strongest negative association with HbA1c, while TAR and average glucose showed the strongest positive associations. Among all intervals, 0- to 4-week CGM data demonstrated the strongest relationship with HbA1c (all P&lt;0.05). Average glucose achieved the best explanatory power among all metrics (R\u00b2=0.83, Akaike Information Criterion=84.34), and prediction models incorporating average glucose and TAR yielded the lowest mean squared error (0.15) and highest R\u00b2 (0.83), with robust results in the test dataset.Conclusion: Short-term CGM metrics, particularly average glucose during the 0\u20134 weeks preceding HbA1c testing, are strong predictors of HbA1c. These findings support the clinical utility of recent CGM data in optimizing individualized glycemic management in pediatric patients with T1DM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2550214.107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T09:51:27Z","timestamp":1763545887000},"page":"189-197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6065\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development of a glycated hemoglobin prediction model using continuous glucose monitoring metrics in pediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus: insights into average glucose and recent glycemic trends"],"prefix":"10.6065","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7568-3211","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hakyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1975-3075","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3238-5315","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hwa Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0203-7443","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jaehyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4096","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0665-4","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107842","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.5068","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2025.40.e241","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4137\/bmi.s38440","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4894","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-0636","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2346100.050","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"2130","type":"journal-article","volume-title":"Disparities in HbA1c levels between African-American and non-Hispanic white adults with diabetes: a meta-analysis","author":"Kirk","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20274-8","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"1593","type":"journal-article","volume-title":"Clinical targets for continuous glucose monitoring data interpretation: recommendations from the international consensus on time in range","author":"Battelino","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1600","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2019.0026","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d3805","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.19975","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-1459","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-020-01589-3","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"S146","volume-title":"7. 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