{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T03:11:27Z","timestamp":1776395487911,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Danish Medical Association","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dan Med J"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy (Li-ESWT), stem cell therapy and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections have emerged as possible treatments for erectile dysfunction (ED) and Peyronie\u2019s disease (PD). Li-ESWT appears to work by prompting angiogenesis, yet clinical trials in ED and PD have yielded contradictory results, often compromised by methodological limitations. Similarly, while preliminary studies on stem cell therapy and PRP suggest potential benefits, their clinical efficacy remains uncertain. Standardised research is needed to establish the possible effect of these approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.61409\/a04250307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T09:54:31Z","timestamp":1764237271000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Regenerative therapies for male sexual dysfunction - a review article"],"prefix":"10.61409","author":[{"given":"Mikkel","family":"Fode","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"40208","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Corona G, Lee DM, Forti G, et al. Age-related changes in general and sexual health in middle-aged and older men: results from the European Male Ageing Study (EMAS). J Sex Med 2010;7:1362-80. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01601.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01601.x"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gelbard MK, Dorey F, James K. The natural history of Peyronie's disease. J Urol 1990;144:1376-1379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)39746-X","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)39746-X"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mulhall JP, Creech SD, Boorjian SA, et al. Subjective and objective analysis of the prevalence of Peyronie's disease in a population of men presenting for prostate cancer screening. J Urol 2004;171:2350-1253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.ju.0000127744.18878.f1","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000127744.18878.f1"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schwarzer U, Sommer F, Klotz T, et al. The prevalence of Peyronie's disease: results of a large survey. BJU Int 2001;88:727-7230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1464-4096.2001.02436.x","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-4096.2001.02436.x"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elterman DS, Bhattacharyya SK, Mafilios M, et al. The quality of life and economic burden of erectile dysfunction. Res Rep Urol 2021;13:79-86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/RRU.S283097","DOI":"10.2147\/RRU.S283097"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nelson CJ, Mulhall JP. Psychological impact of Peyronie's disease: a review. J Sex Med 2013;10:653-660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2012.02999.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2012.02999.x"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Capogrosso P, Carvalho J, Corona G, et al. EAU Guidelines on sexual and reproductive health 2023. Uroweb. 2023. https:\/\/uroweb.org\/guidelines\/sexual-and-reproductive-health (accessed March 31, 2025)"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al Hashimi M, Pinggera GM, Mostafa T, et al. The role of different modalities of regenerative therapies in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: a global survey and Global Andrology Forum expert recommendations. World J Mens Health 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5534\/wjmh.240214","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.240214"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fode M, Hatzichristodoulou G, Serefoglu EC, et al. Low-intensity shockwave therapy for erectile dysfunction: is the evidence strong enough? Nat Rev Urol 2017;14:593-606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrurol.2017.119","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2017.119"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rosen RC, Allen KR, Ni X, Araujo AB. Minimal clinically important differences in the erectile function domain of the International Index of Erectile Function scale. Eur Urol 2011;60:1010-1016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2011.07.053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2011.07.053"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rosen RC, Riley A, Wagner G, et al. The international index of erectile function (IIEF): a multidimensional scale for assessment of erectile dysfunction. Urology 1997;49:822-830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0090-4295(97)00238-0","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(97)00238-0"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yama\u00e7ake KGR, Carneiro F, Cury J, et al. Low-intensity shockwave therapy for erectile dysfunction in kidney transplant recipients: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled study with evaluation by penile Doppler ultrasonography. Int J Impot Res 2019;31:195-203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41443-018-0062-2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41443-018-0062-2"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kitrey ND, Gruenwald I, Appel B, et al. Penile low intensity shock wave treatment is able to shift PDE5i nonresponders to responders: a double-blind, sham controlled study. J Urol 2016;195:1550-1555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.juro.2015.12.049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.12.049"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fojecki GL, Tiessen S, Osther PJS. Effect of low-energy linear shockwave therapy on erectile dysfunction: a double-blinded, sham-controlled, randomized clinical trial. J Sex Med 2017;14:106-112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsxm.2016.11.307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2016.11.307"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kalyvianakis D, Hatzichristou D. Low-intensity shockwave therapy improves hemodynamic parameters in patients with vasculogenic erectile dysfunction: a triplex ultrasonography-based sham-controlled trial. J Sex Med 2017;14:891-897. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsxm.2017.05.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2017.05.012"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sramkova T, Motil I, Jarkovsky J, Sramkova K. Erectile dysfunction treatment using focused linear low-intensity extracorporeal shockwaves: single-blind, sham-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Urol Int 2020;104:417-424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000504788","DOI":"10.1159\/000504788"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vinay J, Moreno D, Rajmil O, et al. Penile low intensity shock wave treatment for PDE5i refractory erectile dysfunction: a randomized double-blind sham-controlled clinical trial. World J Urol 2021;39:2217-2222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00345-020-03373-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-020-03373-y"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shendy WS, Elsoghier OM, El Semary MM, et al. Effect of low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy on diabetic erectile dysfunction: randomised control trial. Andrologia 2021;53:e13997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/and.13997","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13997"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ortac M, \u00d6zmez A, Cilesiz NC, et al. The impact of extracorporeal shock wave therapy for the treatment of young patients with vasculogenic mild erectile dysfunction: a prospective randomized single-blind, sham controlled study. Andrology 2021;9:1571-1578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/andr.13007","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13007"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vardi Y, Appel B, Kilchevsky A, Gruenwald I. Does low intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy have a physiological effect on erectile function? Short-term results of a randomized, double-blind, sham controlled study. J Urol 2012;187:1769-1775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.juro.2011.12.117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.12.117"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Olsen AB, Persiani M, Boie S, Hanna M, Lund L. Can low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy improve erectile dysfunction? A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Scand J Urol 2015;49:329-333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/21681805.2014.984326","DOI":"10.3109\/21681805.2014.984326"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yee CH, Chan ES, Hou SS, Ng CF. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Int J Urol 2014;21:1041-1045. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iju.12506","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.12506"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"Srini VS, Reddy RK, Shultz T, Denes B. Low intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy for erectile dysfunction: a study in an Indian population. Can J Urol 2015;22:7614-7622"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Juan-Casas C, Leir\u00f3s-Rodr\u00edguez R, Gonz\u00e1lez-Castro A, Hernandez-Lucas P. Efficacy of extracorporeal shock waves therapy for erectile dysfunction treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Basic Clin Androl 2025;35:12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12610-025-00258-1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12610-025-00258-1"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dong L, Chang D, Zhang X, et al. Effect of low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave on the treatment of erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Mens Health 2019;13:1557988319846749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1557988319846749","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988319846749"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pedersen TB, Secher C, Moumneh A, Hvid N, Lund M, Fojecki G, Lund L. A Prospective Randomized Study on Low-Energy Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction After Radical Prostatectomy. J Urol 2025;214:156-166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JU.0000000000004576","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000004576"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fode M, Russo GI, Verze P. Therapeutic areas of Li-ESWT in sexual medicine other than erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res 2019;31:223-30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41443-019-0114-2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41443-019-0114-2"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Palmieri A, Imbimbo C, Longo N, et al. A first prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluating extracorporeal shock wave therapy for the treatment of Peyronie's disease. Eur Urol 2009;56:363-369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2009.05.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2009.05.012"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chitale S, Morsey M, Swift L, Sethia K. Limited shock wave therapy vs sham treatment in men with Peyronie's disease: results of a prospective randomized controlled double-blind trial. BJU Int 2010;106:1352-1526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2010.09331.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2010.09331.x"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hatzichristodoulou G, Meisner C, Gschwend JE, et al. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy in Peyronie's disease: results of a placebo-controlled, prospective, randomized, single-blind study. J Sex Med 2013;10:2815-2821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsm.12275","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12275"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gao L, Qian S, Tang Z, et al. A meta-analysis of extracorporeal shock wave therapy for Peyronie's disease. Int J Impot Res 2016;28:161-166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ijir.2016.24","DOI":"10.1038\/ijir.2016.24"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"El-Kadiry AE, Rafei M, Shammaa R. Cell therapy: types, regulation, and clinical benefits. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021;8:756029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.756029","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.756029"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haahr MK, Jensen CH, Toyserkani NM, et al. Safety and potential effect of a single intracavernous injection of autologous adipose-derived regenerative cells in patients with erectile dysfunction following radical prostatectomy: an open-label phase I clinical trial. EBioMedicine 2016;5:204-210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.01.024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.01.024"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fode M, Nadler N, Lund L, Azawi N. Feasibility of minimally invasive, same-day injection of autologous adipose-derived stem cells in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Scand J Urol 2023;57:110-114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21681805.2022.2162117","DOI":"10.1080\/21681805.2022.2162117"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Mirzaei M, Bagherinasabsarab M, Pakmanesh H, et al. The effect of intracavernosal injection of stem cell in the treatment of erectile dysfunction in diabetic patients: a randomized single-blinded clinical trial. Urol J 2021;18:675-681. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22037\/uj.v18i.6503"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Levy JA, Marchand M, Iorio L, et al. Effects of stem cell treatment in human patients with Peyronie disease. J Am Osteopath Assoc 2015;115:e8-13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7556\/jaoa.2015.124","DOI":"10.7556\/jaoa.2015.124"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lander EB, Berman MH, See JR. Stromal vascular fraction combined with shock wave for the treatment of Peyronie's disease. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2016;4:e631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/GOX.0000000000000622","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000000622"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wiborg MH, Kr\u00f8ijer R, Laursen BS, Chakari W, Jensen CH, S\u00f8rensen JA, Lund L. Treatment with Autologous Adipose-derived Regenerative Cells for Peyronie's Disease in Men: The Straight @head Pilot Study. Eur Urol Open Sci 2025;71:180-186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euros.2024.12.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euros.2024.12.005"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Everts P, Onishi K, Jayaram P, et al. Platelet-rich plasma: new performance understandings and therapeutic considerations in 2020. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21207794","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207794"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Asmundo MG, Durukan E, von Rohden E, et al. Platelet-rich plasma therapy in erectile dysfunction and Peyronie's disease: a systematic review of the literature. World J Urol 2024;42:359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00345-024-05065-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-024-05065-3"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Poulios E, Mykoniatis I, Pyrgidis N, et al. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) improves erectile function: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Sex Med 2021;18:926-935. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsxm.2021.03.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2021.03.008"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shaher H, Fathi A, Elbashir S, et al. Is platelet rich plasma safe and effective in treatment of erectile dysfunction? Randomized controlled study. Urology 2023;175:114-119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urology.2023.01.028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2023.01.028"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Masterson TA, Molina M, Ledesma B, et al. Platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of erectile dysfunction: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Urol 2023;210:154-161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JU.0000000000003481","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000003481"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Virag R, Sussman H, Lambion S, de Fourmestraux V. Evaluation of the benefit of using a combination of autologous platelet-rich plasma and hyaluronic acid for the treatment of Peyronie's disease. Sex Health Issues 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15761\/SHI.1000102","DOI":"10.15761\/SHI.1000102"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Matz EL, Pearlman AM, Terlecki RP. Safety and feasibility of platelet-rich fibrin matrix injections for treatment of common urologic conditions. Investig Clin Urol 2018;59:61-65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4111\/icu.2018.59.1.61","DOI":"10.4111\/icu.2018.59.1.61"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chu KY, Molina ML, Ledesma B, et al. A phase 2 randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial to evaluate safety and efficacy of platelet-rich plasma injections for Peyronie's disease: clinical trial update. Eur Urol Focus 2023;9:11-13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euf.2022.08.017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2022.08.017"}],"container-title":["Danish Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T14:27:32Z","timestamp":1765376852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ugeskriftet.dk\/dmj\/A04250307"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":46,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.61409\/a04250307","relation":{},"ISSN":["2245-1919"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2245-1919","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}}}