{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T18:15:09Z","timestamp":1755800109004},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Danish Medical Association","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ugeskr L\u00e6ger"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Assessment and treatment of hyperglycaemia in people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are challenging. In advanced CKD HbA1c can be unreliable, and treatment adjustments should be supported by other glucose measurements (e.g., continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) or blood glucose measurements). Glucose-lowering treatments should be evaluated based on CKD and an individualised assessment of risk factors especially hypoglycaemia. This review aims at providing an overview of the options for glycaemic monitoring and glucose-lowering treatments in people with diabetes and CKD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.61409\/v01240051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T06:41:11Z","timestamp":1715668871000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Hyperglycaemia in people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease"],"prefix":"10.61409","author":[{"given":"Julie Maria B\u00f8ggild","family":"Br\u00f8sen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Bomholt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rikke","family":"Borg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederik","family":"Persson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrik","family":"Pedersen-Bjergaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"40208","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elsayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR et al. 11. Chronic kidney disease and risk management: standards of care in diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(Suppl 1):S191-S202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc23-S011","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-S011"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tuttle KR, Bakris GL, Bilous RW et al. Diabetic kidney disease: a report from an ADA Consensus Conference. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:2864-2883. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc14-1296","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-1296"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kidney disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Diabetes Work Group. KDIGO 2022 Clinical practice guideline for diabetes management in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2022;102(5S):S1-S127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2022.06.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2022.06.008"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Galindo RJ, Beck RW, Scioscia MF et al. Glycemic monitoring and management in advanced chronic kidney disease. Endocr Rev. 2021;41(5):756-774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa017","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa017"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moen MF, Zhan M, Hsu VD et al. Frequency of hypoglycemia and its significance in chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4(6):1121-1127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.00800209","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00800209"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group, Nathan DM, Genuth S et al. The effect of intensive diabetes treatment on the development and progression of long-term complications with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(14):977-986. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM199309303291401","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199309303291401"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Selvin E, Sacks DB. Monitoring glycemic control in end-stage renal disease: what should be measured? Clin Chem. 2017;63(2):447-449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1373\/clinchem.2016.265744","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2016.265744"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ng JM, Cooke M, Bhandari S et al. The effect of iron and erythropoietin treatment on the A1c of patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(11):2310-2313. doi:10.2337\/DC10-0917.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0917"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Speeckaert M, Van Biesen W, Delanghe J et al. Are there better alternatives than haemoglobin A1c to estimate glycaemic control in the chronic kidney disease population? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29(12):2167-2177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc10-0917","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0917"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Holt RIG, Devries JH, Hess-Fischl A et al. The management of type 1 diabetes in adults. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(11):2589-2625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dci21-0043","DOI":"10.2337\/dci21-0043"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beck RW, Kollman C, Xing D et al. Outcome measures for outpatient hypoglycemia prevention studies. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2011;5(4):999-1004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/193229681100500423","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681100500423"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"https:\/\/endocrinology.dk\/nbv\/diabetes-melitus\/kontinuerlig-glukosemaaling-cgm-og-flash-glukosemaaling-fgm-til-boern-unge-og-voksne\/(24-01-2024)."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elsayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR et al. 7. Diabetes technology: standards of care in diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(suppl_1):S111-S127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc23-S007","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-S007"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rodbard D. Continuous glucose monitoring: a review of successes, challenges, and opportunities. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2016;18(Suppl 2):S2-13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/dia.2015.0417","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2015.0417"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Papademetriou V, Lovato L, Doumas M et al. Chronic kidney disease and intensive glycemic control increase cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. Kidney Int. 2015;87(3):649-659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ki.2014.296","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.296"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Diabetisk nyresygdom ved type 2 diabetes. En retningslinje ved arbejdsgruppe under Dansk Nefrologisk Selskab. https:\/\/nephrology.dk\/vejledninger\/ckd-mbd\/kronisk-nyresygdom\/diabetisk-nyresygdom-i-t2dm\/ (24. jan2024)."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rajput R, Sinha B, Majumdar S et al. Consensus statement on insulin therapy in chronic kidney disease. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017;127(127):10-20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.02.032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.02.032"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Frier BM. Hypoglycaemia in diabetes mellitus: Epidemiology and clinical implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014;10(12):711-722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrendo.2014.170","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.170"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hahr AJ, Molitch ME. Management of diabetes mellitus in patients with CKD: core curriculum 2022. Am J Kidney Dis. 2022;79(5):728-736. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.05.023","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.05.023"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Heerspink HJL, Cherney DZI. Clinical implications of an acute dip in eGFR after SGLT2 inhibitor initiation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;16(8):1278-1280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.02480221","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02480221"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mottl AK, Alicic R, Argyropoulos C et al. KDOQI US commentary on the KDIGO 2020 clinical practice guideline for diabetes management in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2022;79(4):457-479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.09.010","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.09.010"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tuttle KR, Bosch-Traberg H, Cherney DZI et al. Post hoc analysis of SUSTAIN 6 and PIONEER 6 trials suggests that people with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk treated with semaglutide experience more stable kidney function compared with placebo. Kidney Int. 2023;103:772-781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2022.12.028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2022.12.028"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schloot NC, Haupt A, Sch\u00fctt M et al. Risk of severe hypoglycemia in sulfonylurea-treated patients from diabetes centers in Germany\/Austria: how big is the problem? Which patients are at risk? Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2016;32(3):316-324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dmrr.2722","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2722"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cryer PE. Hypoglycaemia: The limiting factor in the glycaemic management of Type I and Type II diabetes. Diabetologia. 2002;45(7):937-948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-002-0822-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-002-0822-9"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pieber TR, Bajaj HS, Heller SR et al. Impact of kidney function on the safety and efficacy of insulin degludec versus insulin glargine U300 in people with type 2 diabetes: a post hoc analysis of the CONCLUDE trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022;24(2):332-336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.14564","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14564"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kosjerina V, Carstensen B, Amadid H, Vistisen D. Glycaemic control, risk of hypoglycaemia and all-cause mortality in new users of second-generation basal insulin with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: a nationwide register-based cohort study. Diabetologia. 2023;66(10):1908-1913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-023-05971-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05971-y"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dolores Garc\u00eda de Lucas M, Avil\u00e9s Bueno B, Rivas Ruiz F, Olalla Sierra J. Insulin degludec allows for better glycaemic control with a lower risk of hypoglycaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;162:108094. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108094"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Galindo RJ, de Boer IH, Neumiller JJ, Tuttle KR. Continuous glucose monitoring to optimize management of diabetes in patients with advanced CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2023;18(1):130-145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.04510422","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04510422"}],"container-title":["Ugeskrift for L\u00e6ger"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T10:44:37Z","timestamp":1715769877000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ugeskriftet.dk\/videnskab\/V01240051"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"references-count":28,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.61409\/v01240051","relation":{},"ISSN":["0041-5782","1603-6824"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0041-5782","type":"print"},{"value":"1603-6824","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]}}}