{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T07:31:43Z","timestamp":1786433503289,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Danish Medical Association","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ugeskr L\u00e6ger"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low-grade systemic inflammation (LGSI) is increasingly recognised as a key factor in women\u2019s reproductive health. It has been associated with impaired fertility, pregnancy complications, and adverse health outcomes in the offspring. These associations highlight the potential of LGSI as a risk factor in the context of preconception preventive strategies and individualised risk assessment. However, before such applications can be implemented in clinical practice, further research is required to standardise biomarkers, define thresholds and establish whether targeted interventions can improve reproductive outcomes, as argued in this review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.61409\/v08250695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T06:21:42Z","timestamp":1779344502000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The impact of inflammation on women\u2019s reproductive health"],"prefix":"10.61409","author":[{"given":"Emilie","family":"Gr\u00f8nlund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilie","family":"Bahne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Bergholt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Vilsb\u00f8ll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per Gustav","family":"Hagelqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"40208","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Furman D, Campisi J, Verdin E, et al. Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span. Nat Med. 2019;25(12):1822-1832. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-019-0675-0","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0675-0"},{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Friis-Hansen L. I: L\u00e6geh\u00e5ndbogen, 2025. C-reaktivt protein (CRP). https:\/\/www.sundhed.dk\/borger\/patienthaandbogen\/undersoegelser\/blod-og-urinproever\/c-reaktivt-protein-crp\/ (23. okt 2025)"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Orisaka M, Mizutani T, Miyazaki Y, et al. Chronic low-grade inflammation and ovarian dysfunction in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome, endometriosis, and aging. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1324429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1324429","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1324429"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dinh KM, Kaspersen KA, Mikkelsen S, et al. Low-grade inflammation is negatively associated with physical health-related quality of life in healthy individuals: results from the Danish Blood Donor Study. PLoS One. 2019;14(3):e0214468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0214468","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214468"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Strober B, Teller C, Yamauchi P, et al. Effects of etanercept on C-reactive protein levels in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159(2):322-330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08628","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08628.x"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rezaieyazdi Z, Sahebari M, Hatef MR, et al. Is there any correlation between high sensitive CRP and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus? Lupus. 2011;20(14):1494-1500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0961203311418706","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203311418706"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aarestrup J, Jess T, Kobylecki CJ, et al. Cardiovascular risk profile among patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study of more than 100 000 individuals. J Crohns Colitis. 2019;13(3):319-323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy164","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy164"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khanna D, Khanna S, Khanna P, et al. Obesity: a chronic low-grade inflammation and its markers. Cureus. 2022;14(2):e22711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.22711","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.22711"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Tolstrup JS, Curtis AB, Petersen CB. Andelen af danskere med overv\u00e6gt, fremskrevet til 2040, 2024. Statens Institut for Folkesundhed, SDU. https:\/\/www.sdu.dk\/da\/sif\/rapporter\/2024\/notat_andelen_af_danskere_med_overvaegt_fremskrevet_til_2040 (25. jun 2025)"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Lassen TH, Rasmussen M, Jensen ARJ, et al. Sundhedsprofil for gravide i Danmark, 2025. Statens Institut for Folkesundhed, SDU. https:\/\/www.sdu.dk\/da\/sif\/rapporter\/2025\/sundhedsprofil_for_gravide_i_danmark (10. nov 2025)"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ameho S, Klutstein M. The effect of chronic inflammation on female fertility. Reproduction. 2025;169(4):e240197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/REP-24-0197","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-24-0197"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vex\u00f8 LE, Stormlund S, Landers\u00f8e SK, et al. Low-grade inflammation is negatively associated with live birth in women undergoing IVF. Reprod Biomed Online. 2023;46:302-311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rbmo.2022.10.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2022.10.004"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ferguson KK, Meeker JD, McElrath TF, et al. Repeated measures of inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers in preeclamptic and normotensive pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;216(5):527.e1-527.e9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.12.174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.12.174"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fink NR, Chawes B, B\u00f8nnelykke K, et al. Levels of systemic low-grade inflammation in pregnant mothers and their offspring are correlated. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):3043. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-39620-5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39620-5"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Negishi Y, Shima Y, Takeshita T, Morita R. Harmful and beneficial effects of inflammatory response on reproduction: sterile and pathogen-associated inflammation. Immunol Med. 2021;44(2):98-115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/25785826.2020.1809951","DOI":"10.1080\/25785826.2020.1809951"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hellgren K, Secher AE, Glintborg B, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in relation to disease activity and anti-rheumatic treatment strategies in women with rheumatoid arthritis: a matched cohort study from Sweden and Denmark. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2022;61(9):3711-3722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab894","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab894"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gaillard R, Rifas-Shiman SL, Perng W, et al. Maternal inflammation during pregnancy and childhood adiposity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016;24(6):1320-1327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oby.21484","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21484"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nappo A, Iacoviello L, Fraterman A, et al. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein is a predictive factor of adiposity in children: results of the Identification and Prevention of Dietary-and Lifestyle-Induced Health Effects in Children and Infants (IDEFICS) study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2(3):e000101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.113.000101","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.113.000101"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"N\u00f8rg\u00e5rd BM, Wod M, Larsen MD, et al. The impact of medical therapies and factors related to treatment procedures in women with rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease receiving assisted reproduction: a nationwide cohort study. Fertil Steril 2021;116(6):1492-1500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.07.1198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.07.1198"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Lindegaard HM, Voss A, Uhrenholt L, et al. Graviditet, amning og mandlig reproduktion, 2022. Dansk Reumatologisk Selskab. https:\/\/danskreumatologi.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/NBV_FINAL_27122017_final_02012019.pdf (15. okt 2025)"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sjaarda LA, Radin RG, Silver RM, et al. Preconception low-dose aspirin restores diminished pregnancy and live birth rates in women with low-grade inflammation: a secondary analysis of a randomized trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(5):1495-1504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2016-2917","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2917"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Paterakis T, Alexandraki K, et al. Indices of low-grade chronic inflammation in polycystic ovary syndrome and the beneficial effect of metformin. Hum Reprod. 2006;21(6):1426-1431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/del003","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/del003"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"S\u00f8ndersted C, Bahne E, Klemmensen RT, et al. Risici og behandlingsmuligheder for kvinder med overv\u00e6gt og graviditets\u00f8nske. Laeger Ugeskr 2025;187:V03250146. https:\/\/ugeskriftet.dk\/videnskab\/risici-og-behandlingsmuligheder-kvinder-med-overvaegt-og-graviditetsoenske"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Petersen AMW, Pedersen BK. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2005;98(4):1154-1162 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00164.2004","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00164.2004"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fiuza-Luces C, Santos-Lozano A, Joyner M, et al. Exercise benefits in cardiovascular disease: beyond attenuation of traditional risk factors. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2018;15(12):731-743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41569-018-0065-1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0065-1"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sarin HV, Lee JH, Jauhiainen M, et al. Substantial fat mass loss reduces low-grade inflammation and induces positive alteration in cardiometabolic factors in normal-weight individuals. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):3450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-40107-6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40107-6"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fedewa MV, Hathaway ED, Ward-Ritacco CL. Effect of exercise training on C reactive protein: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(8):670-676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2016-095999","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-095999"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fabozzi G, Verdone G, Allori M, et al. Personalized nutrition in the management of female infertility: new insights on chronic low-grade inflammation. Nutrients. 2022;14(9):1918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14091918","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091918"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Roager HM, Vogt JK, Kristensen M, et al. Whole grain-rich diet reduces body weight and systemic low-grade inflammation without inducing major changes of the gut microbiome: a randomised cross-over trial. Gut. 2019;68(1):83-93. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314786","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314786"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"Sundhedsstyrelsen. Sunde vaner - f\u00f8r, under og efter graviditet, 2022. https:\/\/www.sst.dk\/udgivelser\/2022\/sunde-vaner-foer-under-og-efter-graviditet"}],"container-title":["Ugeskrift for L\u00e6ger"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T07:14:07Z","timestamp":1786432447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ugeskriftet.dk\/videnskab\/V08250695"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"references-count":30,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.61409\/v08250695","relation":{},"ISSN":["0041-5782","1603-6824"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0041-5782","type":"print"},{"value":"1603-6824","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]}}}