{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T09:56:27Z","timestamp":1768038987421,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Danish Medical Association","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ugeskr L\u00e6ger"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Individuals with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) have antibodies directed against phospholipid-binding proteins (aPL). The condition is most associated with an increased risk of thromboembolism and obstetric complications. The 2023 classification criteria for APS include six clinical domains (venous thromboembolism, arterial thrombosis, microvascular events, obstetric events, cardiac valve, thrombocytopaenia) and two laboratory domains (lupus anticoagulant, and anti-cardiolipin or anti\u2013\u03b22-glycoprotein-I antibodies). Diagnosis and treatment of APS are specialist tasks and are summarised in this review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.61409\/v11230715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T08:24:04Z","timestamp":1718007844000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antiphospholipid antibodies and antiphospholipid syndrome"],"prefix":"10.61409","author":[{"given":"Rasmus S\u00f8gaard","family":"Hansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie Brogaard","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pernille Just","family":"Vinholt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Voss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Abildgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"40208","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hughes GR. Thrombosis, abortion, cerebral disease, and the lupus anticoagulant. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1983;287(6399):1088-9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.287.6399.1088","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.287.6399.1088"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hughes GR. The antiphospholipid syndrome: ten years on. Lancet. 1993;342(8867):341-344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91477-4","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91477-4"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barbhaiya M, Zuily S, Naden R et al. 2023 ACR\/EULAR antiphospholipid syndrome classification criteria. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023;82(10):1258-1270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard-2023-224609","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224609"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4(2):295-306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.x"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Knight JS, Kanthi Y. Mechanisms of immunothrombosis and vasculopathy in antiphospholipid syndrome. Semin Immunopathol. 2022;44(3):347-62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00281-022-00916-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-022-00916-w"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Duarte-Garcia A, Pham MM, Crowson CS et al. The epidemiology of antiphospholipid syndrome: a population-based study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019;71(9):1545-1552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.40901","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40901"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Petri M. Epidemiology of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. J Autoimmun. 2000;15(2):145-151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jaut.2000.0409","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.2000.0409"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cohen D, Berger SP, Steup-Beekman GM et al. Diagnosis and management of the antiphospholipid syndrome. BMJ. 2010;340:c2541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.c2541","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c2541"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cervera R, Piette JC, Font J et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46(4):1019-1027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.10187","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10187"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ruffatti A, Tonello M, Calligaro A et al. Prevalence and adverse consequences of delayed diagnosis and misdiagnosis in thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Rheumatol. 2023;42(11):3007-3019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10067-023-06699-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-023-06699-1"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Laboratory Testing for the lupus Anticoagulant; Approved Guideline. CLSI document H60-A. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2014."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McIntyre JA, Wagenknech DR, Waxman DW. Frequency and specificities of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) in volunteer blood donors. Immunobiology. 2003;207(1):59-63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1078\/0171-2985-00210","DOI":"10.1078\/0171-2985-00210"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schreiber K, Sciascia S, de Groot PG et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4:18005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2017.103","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.103"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cervera R, Khamashta MA, Shoenfeld Y et al. Morbidity and mortality in the antiphospholipid syndrome during a 5-year period: a multicentre prospective study of 1000 patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(9):1428-1432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard.2008.093179","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.093179"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ruiz-Irastorza G, Hunt BJ, Khamashta MA. A systematic review of secondary thromboprophylaxis in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;57(8):1487-1495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.23109","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23109"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vandevelde A, Chayoua W, de Laat B et al. Semiquantitative interpretation of anticardiolipin and antibeta2glycoprotein I antibodies measured with various analytical platforms: communication from the ISTH SSC Subcommittee on Lupus Anticoagulant\/Antiphospholipid Antibodies. J Thromb Haemost. 2022;20(2):508-524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jth.15585","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15585"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pengo V, Ruffatti A, Legnani C et al. Clinical course of high-risk patients diagnosed with antiphospholipid syndrome. J Thromb Haemost. 2010;8(2):237-242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2009.03674.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2009.03674.x"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Galli M, Luciani D, Bertolini G, Barbui T. Lupus anticoagulants are stronger risk factors for thrombosis than anticardiolipin antibodies in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a systematic review of the literature. Blood. 2003;101(5):1827-1832. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2002-02-0441","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-02-0441"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mustonen P, Lehtonen KV, Javela K, Puurunen M. Persistent antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) in asymptomatic carriers as a risk factor for future thrombotic events: a nationwide prospective study. Lupus. 2014;23(14):1468-1476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0961203314545410","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203314545410"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lazzaroni MG, Fredi M, Andreoli L et al. Triple antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies positivity is associated with pregnancy complications in apl carriers: a multicenter study on 62 pregnancies. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01948","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01948"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Villani M, Colaizzo D, Martinelli P et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies in a general obstetric population: clinical impact on pregnancy outcome and relationship with the M2 haplotype in the annexin A5 (ANXA5) Gene. Hamostaseologie. 2019;39(2):203-207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0038-1673414","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1673414"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saccone G, Berghella V, Maruotti GM et al. Antiphospholipid antibody profile based obstetric outcomes of primary antiphospholipid syndrome: the PREGNANTS study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;216(5):525.e1-525.e12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.01.026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.01.026"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Erton ZB, Sevim E, de Jesus GR et al. Pregnancy outcomes in antiphospholipid antibody positive patients: prospective results from the AntiPhospholipid Syndrome Alliance for Clinical Trials and InternatiOnal Networking (APS ACTION) Clinical Database and Repository ('Registry'). Lupus Sci Med. 2022;9(1):e000633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/lupus-2021-000633","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2021-000633"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Latino JO, Udry S, Aranda FMet al. Pregnancy failure in patients with obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome with conventional treatment: the influence of a triple positive antibody profile. Lupus. 2017;26(9):983-988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0961203317692432","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203317692432"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Dansk Selskab for Trombose og H\u00e6mostase & Dansk Selskab for Obstetrik og Gyn\u00e6kologi. Graviditetsrelateret trombose. Retningslinje 2023. Dansk Selskab for Trombose og H\u00e6mostase & Dansk Selskab for Obstetrik og Gyn\u00e6kologi, 2023."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tektonidou MG, Andreoli L, Limper M et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of antiphospholipid syndrome in adults. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78(10):1296-1304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215213","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215213"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zuily S, Cohen H, Isenberg D et al. Use of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome: guidance from the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(9):2126-2137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jth.14935","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14935"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Dansk Cardiologisk Selskabs Trombokardiologiarbejdsgruppe. Behandlingsvejledning 14, Antikoagulationsbehandling. Dansk Cardiologisk Selskab, 2023."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khairani CD, Bejjani A, Piazza G et al. Direct oral anticoagulants vs vitamin K antagonists in patients with antiphospholipid syndromes: meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;81(1):16-30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.10.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.10.008"}],"container-title":["Ugeskrift for L\u00e6ger"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T11:35:10Z","timestamp":1718969710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ugeskriftet.dk\/videnskab\/V11230715"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"references-count":29,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.61409\/v11230715","relation":{},"ISSN":["0041-5782","1603-6824"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0041-5782","type":"print"},{"value":"1603-6824","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]}}}